Toll-Like Receptors in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion and Transplantation

Figure 2

TLRs coordinate the response to hepatic I/R injury. Toll-like receptors are proximal to most elements of hepatic I/R injury. Following an ischemic insult, TLR activation by circulating DAMPs sets off signaling cascades in multiple cell types that coordinates the inflammatory response. Both TLR4 and TLR9 activation on hepatic nonparenchymal cells promotes production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to additional neutrophil recruitment and organ damage. TLR4 activation has also been shown to augment the release of circulating DAMPs and may suppress protective cellular pathways.