Toll-Like Receptors Signaling Contributes to Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection

Table 1

TLR signaling affecting the immunopathogenesis of HBV infection.

TLRs	Localization	Ligand/Pathogen-associated molecular pattern	Contribution to the pathogenesis of HBV infection
TLR1	Plasma membrane	Triacyl lipopeptides, soluble factors	Ligand of TLR1 might suppress HBV replication
TLR2	Plasma membrane	Lipoprotein/lipopeptide	TLR2 expressions on monocytes and hepatocytes were reduced in HBeAg+ CHB; sHSP60 produced from HBV-replicating hepatocyte enhanced Tregs activity via TLR2; HBeAg suppresses activation of the TLR2 signaling
TLR3	Endosomes	Double-strand RNA	HBV polymerase inhibits RIG-I- and TLR3-mediated beta interferon induction; Ligand of TLR3 might suppress HBV replication; Moderate adjuvant function
TLR4	Plasma membrane	LPS, fusion protein	Polymorphisms of TLR4 gene may be related to protection from HBV recurrence after liver transplantation; Ligand of TLR4 might suppress HBV replication via CTL activation
TLR5	Plasma membrane	Flagellin	Moderate adjuvant function
TLR6	Plasma membrane	Diacyl lipopeptides
TLR7	Endosomes	single-strand RNA	Moderate adjuvant function
TLR8	Endosomes	Imidazoquinolne, single-strand RNA
TLR9	Endosomes	CpG DNA	Strongly enhances CTL activation; HBV vaccine with TLR9 ligand might be effective
TLR11	Plasma membrane	Profilins-like protein
TLR12	Plasma membrane	not clear
TLR13		Vesicular stomatitis virus