Dietary Intake and Risk for Reflux Esophagitis: A Case-Control Study

Table 4

Risk for RE in patients with different intake of dietary nutrients and food groups.

Daily intake	OR	95% CI	P
Nutrients
Protein (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.01	0.79–1.28	0.97
Adjusted*	0.68	0.47–0.98	0.04
Fat (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.32	1.04–1.68	0.02
Adjusted	1.24	0.93–1.85	0.14
Carbohydrate (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.03	0.81–1.31	0.80
Adjusted	0.66	0.45–0.97	0.04
Total SFA (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.06	0.83–1.35	0.65
Adjusted	1.05	0.81–1.37	0.70
Alcohol (g/day)
Unadjusted	0.76	0.50–1.16	0.21
Adjusted	0.78	0.50–1.20	0.25
Cholesterol (mg/day)
Unadjusted	1.05	0.83–1.34	0.67
Adjusted	0.96	0.74–1.25	0.78
Calories from protein (%)
Unadjusted	0.64	0.50–0.81	<0.01
Adjusted	0.64	0.48–0.84	<0.01
Calories from fat (%)
Unadjusted	0.94	0.74–1.19	0.58
Adjusted	1.04	0.79–1.37	0.80
Calories from carbohydrate (%)
Unadjusted	0.95	0.74–1.20	0.64
Adjusted	0.95	0.74–1.23	0.70
Dietary fiber (g/day)
Unadjusted	0.98	0.77–1.25	0.88
Adjusted	0.818	0.619–1.080	0.16
Vitamin C (mg/day)
Unadjusted	0.52	0.40–0.66	<0.01
Adjusted	0.51	0.39–0.66	<0.01
Vitamin E (mg/day)
Unadjusted	0.97	0.76–1.24	0.82
Adjusted	0.91	0.70–1.17	0.45
Selenium (μg/day)
Unadjusted	1.01	0.82–1.25	0.90
Adjusted	1.04	0.84–1.30	0.70
Ferrum (mg/day)
Unadjusted	0.96	0.75–1.22	0.71
Adjusted	0.94	0.73–1.20	0.59
Zinc (mg/day)
Unadjusted	0.99	0.78–1.25	0.91
Adjusted	0.96	0.75–1.23	0.75
Calcium (mg/day)
Unadjusted	1.63	1.27–2.09	<0.01
Adjusted	1.63	1.26–2.11	<0.01
Beta-carotene (mg/day)
Unadjusted	1.28	1.01–1.63	0.04
Adjusted	1.29	0.99–1.67	0.06
Food
Grains and potatoes (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.04	0.82–1.32	0.76
Adjusted	0.58	0.39–0.85	0.01
Fruits (g/day)
Unadjusted	0.64	0.51–0.80	<0.01
Adjusted	0.65	0.51–0.83	<0.01
Vegetables (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.09	0.78–1.51	0.62
Adjusted	1.13	0.80–1.58	0.49
Meat (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.35	1.06–1.73	0.02
Adjusted	1.39	1.07–1.79	0.01
Fish and shrimps (g/day)
Unadjusted	0.97	0.74–1.29	0.85
Adjusted	0.96	0.71–1.30	0.77
Eggs (g/day)
Unadjusted	0.73	0.57–0.94	0.02
Adjusted	0.69	0.53–0.91	0.01
Milk and dairy products (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.34	1.09–1.65	0.01
Adjusted	1.20	1.00–1.44	0.06
Soy and nuts (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.17	0.95–1.44	0.15
Adjusted	1.09	0.92–1.31	0.33
Oils (g/day)
Unadjusted	1.65	1.26–2.15	<0.01
Adjusted	1.56	1.18–2.06	<0.01
Salt (g/day)
Unadjusted	9.10	5.18–16.00	<0.01
Adjusted	9.93	5.33–18.49	<0.01

Data are expressed as odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
*Adjusted for WC, WHR, energy, age, sex, and education level.
Abbreviations: OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio.