Characteristics of the Small Bowel Lesions Detected by Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictive factors for the presence of small bowel lesions in the CKD patients.

Variables	Vascular lesions				Erosive/ulcerated lesions
	Univariate; (OR 95% CI)	P value	Multivariate; (OR 95% CI)	P value	Univariate; (OR 95% CI)	P value	Multivariate; (OR 95% CI)	P value
Age > 70 y	1.80 (0.53–6.14)	0.35			2.08 (0.55–7.79)	0.28
Male sex	1.04 (0.30–3.57)	0.95			0.56 (0.15–2.04)	0.38
Overt bleeding	7.00 (1.73–28.3)	0.006	2.73 (0.55–13.7)	0.22	0.65 (0.18–2.36)	0.51
Blood transfusion	6.22 (1.63–23.8)	0.008	5.66 (1.10–29.1)	0.04	0.30 (0.75–1.19)	0.09
History of maintenance HD	1.44 (0.43–4.90)	0.56			0.87 (0.24–3.15)	0.83
Drinking	5.18 (1.15–23.3)	0.03	5.35 (0.86–33.3)	0.07	0.58 (0.13–2.59)	0.47
Smoking	3.26 (0.90–11.1)	0.07			1.16 (0.32–4.26)	0.82
Comorbidity
Hypertension	0.90 (0.16–5.04)	0.90			1.00 (0.16–6.26)	>0.99
Diabetes	1.18 (0.35–4.02)	0.79			1.00 (0.27–3.66)	>0.99
Coronary artery disease	0.56 (0.16–1.89)	0.35			0.75 (0.21–2.73)	0.66
Cerebral infarction	1.12 (0.20–6.30)	0.90			1.00 (0.16–6.26)	>0.99
Liver cirrhosis	1.11 (0.07–18.9)	0.95			—	—
Medication history
Warfarin	2.01 (0.47–9.15)	0.34			0.23 (0.03–2.10)	0.19
LDA	0.57 (0.16–2.01)	0.38			6.00 (1.13–31.9)	0.04	6.00 (1.13–31.9)	0.04
Thienopyridine	1.12 (0.20–6.30)	0.90			2.27 (0.40–13.1)	0.36
NSAIDs	1.11 (0.07–18.9)	0.95			2.08 (0.12–35.9)	0.62
H2-blockers	0.58 (0.15–2.21)	0.43			0.49 (0.11–2.18)	0.35
PPIs	0.48 (0.13–1.81)	0.28			1.88 (0.49–7.15)	0.36
Rebamipide	0.90 (0.22–3.53)	0.87			0.35 (0.07–1.92)	0.23

CKD: chronic kidney disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; HD: hemodialysis; LDA: low-dose aspirin; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; H2-blockers: histamine H2 receptor antagonists; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors.