Surgical Management of Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Table 1

Common symptoms of infant and adolescent patients presenting with GERD [8].

Infants	Older children and adolescents
Regurgitation and vomiting	Hoarseness
Feeding difficulties and feeding refusal	Chronic cough
Failure to thrive	Epigastric pain and irritability
Apnea or apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)	Dysphagia
Sandifer syndrome or spasmodic torsional dystonia [8] (arching of the back and neck (Sandifer posturing) and abdominal wall contractions)	Bronchospasm and asthma