Cognitive Functions and Depression in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Table 4

The associations between depression and cognitive functions and the groups “Neurological”/“Depression” and “no IBS”/“IBS.” The results of linear regression analyses after adjusting for age, sex, and years of education.

Dependent variables	Independent variables
	“Neurological”/“Depression”; (95% CI); value	“No IBS”/“IBS”; (95% CI); value
BDI-II	22.0 (16.0 : 28.0);	7.3 (1.9 : 12.7);
MADRS	18.1 (14.1 : 22.1);	3.8 (0.2 : 7.4);
MMSE	−0.6 (−1.5 : 0.3);	0.0 (−0.8 : 0.8);
Trail Making Test A (simple)	11.0 (−3.6 : 25.7);	7.0 (−6.1 : 20.1);
Trail Making Test B (complex)	40.7 (4.2 : 77.2);	−2.6 (−35.3 : 30.1);
Grooved Pegboard Test (dominant hand)	15.7 (3.3 : 28.0);	−6.9 (−18.0 : 4.1);
Grooved Pegboard Test (not dominant hand)	19.9 (3.6 : 36.1);	−5.1 (−19.7 : 9.4);
HVLT immediate total recall	−1.3 (−3.9 : 1.3);	1.3 (−1.0 : 3.7);
HVLT delayed recall	−0.5 (−1.9 : 0.8);	0.2 (−0.9 : 1.4);
BVMT immediate total recall	−0.9 (−4.3 : 2.6);	−0.2 (−3.3 : 2.9);
BVMT delayed recall	−1.1 (−2.4 : 0.2);	−0.1 (−1.3 : 1.1);
WAIS-III Vocabulary	2.3 (−1.4 : 6.1);	2.4 (−1.0 : 5.8);
WAIS-III Digit Symbol	−8.5 (−15.9 : −1.2);	−3.4 (−10.0 : 3.3);
WAIS-III Symbol Search	−3.5 (−7.1 : 0.1);	−0.5 (−3.8 : 2.7);
Stroop 1 (Word)	5.6 (1.6 : 9.7);	1.0 (−2.6 : 4.6);
Stroop 2 (Colour)	2.2 (−1.2 : 5.7);	0.4 (−2.7 : 3.4);
Stroop 3 (Interference)	9.5 (−1.5 : 20.6);	−3.9 (−13.8 : 6.0);
COWAT (Words on F, A, and S)	3.4 (−4.2 : 10.9);	−0.1 (−6.9 : 6.6);
COWAT (Cloths)	−1.2 (−3.8 : 1.3);	−0.6 (−2.9 : 1.6);
COWAT (Animals)	−4.5 (−7.6 : −1.4);	0.3 (−2.4 : 3.1);