Estimation of an Optimal Chemotherapy Utilisation Rate for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: Setting an Evidence-Based Benchmark for the Best-Quality Cancer Care

Table 2

The incidence of attributes used to define indications for chemotherapy.

Population or subpopulation of interest	Attribute	Proportion of populations with this attribute	Quality of information^a	References
Oesophageal cancer
All registry cancers	Oesophageal cancer	0.01	α	AIHW [3]
Oesophageal cancer	Good PS	0.80–0.91	α; δ	AIHW [3]; NSW Population Health Survey [36]
Oesophageal cancer	Metastatic disease	0.26	β	NSW Cancer Registry [37]
Oesophageal cancer,; localised disease	Resectable	0.54–0.69	θ	Enzinger and Mayer [38]
Oesophageal cancer,; localised disease, operable	Recurrence	0.66	θ	Burmeister et al. [39]
Gastric cancer
All registry cancers	Gastric cancer	0.02	α	AIHW [3]
Gastric cancer	Good PS	0.76–0.89	α; δ	AIHW [3]; NSW Population Health Survey [36]
Gastric cancer	Metastatic disease	0.29	β	NSW Cancer Registry [40]
Gastric cancer,; locoregional disease	Resectable	0.77	δ	Wanebo et al. [41]
Gastric cancer,; resected stage 1A	Recurrence	0.05; 0.04	ζ; ζ	Yoo et al. [42]; Sano et al. [43]
Pancreatic cancer
All registry cancers	Pancreatic cancer	0.02	α	AIHW [3]
Pancreatic cancer	Below 80 years old	0.72	α	AIHW [3]
Pancreatic cancer	Metastatic disease	0.51	β	NSW Cancer Registry [44]
Pancreatic cancer,; localised disease	Operable	0.16	γ	Janes Jr. et al. [45]
Pancreatic cancer,; advanced disease	Good PS	0.30	λ	Brasiunas et al. [46]
Primary liver cancer
All registry cancers	Liver cancer	0.01	α; β	AIHW [3]; NSW Cancer Registry [40]
Liver cancer	Good PS	0.90	α; δ	AIHW [3]; NSW Population Health Survey [36]
Liver cancer	Metastatic disease	0.23	β	NSW Cancer Registry [40]
Liver cancer,; localised disease	Resectable	0.23	γ	NCDB [5]
Liver cancer, localised disease, unresectable	Suitable for chemoembolisation	0.38	ε	Llovet et al. [47]
Liver cancer, localised disease, resectable	Recurrence	0.2–0.33	θ	Jaeck et al. [48]
Liver cancer, localised disease, resectable, recurrence	Intrahepatic recurrence only	0.83; 0.74	ζ; ζ	Yang et al. [49]; Cha et al. [50]
Liver cancer, localised disease, resectable, intrahepatic recurrence only	Suitable for chemoembolisation	0.68; 0.58	λ; λ	Poon et al. [51]; Takayasu et al. [52]
Gallbladder cancer
All registry cancers	Gallbladder cancer	0.01	α	AIHW [3]
Gallbladder cancer	Good PS	0.68	α; δ	AIHW [3]; NSW Population Health Survey [36]
Gallbladder cancer	Locoregional, recurrence	0.85–0.95	γ	NCDB [8]
Gallbladder cancer	Metastatic disease	0.37	γ	SEER [53]
Gallbladder cancer	Stage IA	0.12	γ	NCDB [8]

AIHW: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, NSW: New South Wales, SEER: Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, NCDB: National Cancer Database, and PS: performance status.
^aHierarchy for epidemiological data: α: Australian National Epidemiological data; β: Australian State Cancer Registry; γ: epidemiological databases from other large international groups (e.g., SEER); δ: results from reports of a random sample from a population; ε: comprehensive multi-institutional database; ζ: comprehensive single-institutional database; θ: multi-institutional reports on selected groups (e.g., multi-institutional clinical trials); λ: single-institutional reports on selected groups of cases; μ: expert opinion (adapted from Delaney et al. [34]).