Repeat Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: Yield, Findings, and Predictors of Positive Findings

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate analyses of the clinical parameters between patients with positive and negative findings on repeat EGD (data are shown in (%), unless specified).

Clinical parameters	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	Negative repeat EGD; ()	Positive repeat EGD; ()		Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age (years), mean ± SD	56.4 ± 11.8	58.3 ± 10.9	0.432
Gender, female	75 (65.2)	18 (58.1)	0.462
Time to repeat EGD (months), median (range)	33.5 (1–168)	36.1 (7–118)	0.421
Comorbid illnesses
Diabetes	15 (13.0)	3 (9.7)	0.765
Hypertension	40 (34.8)	18 (58.1)	0.019	2.96 (1.38–6.36)	0.050
Dyslipidemia	32 (27.8)	11 (35.5)	0.406
Coronary artery disease	7 (6.1)	5 (16.1)	0.071
Kidney diseases	1 (0.9)	0	1.000
Liver diseases	0	0	1.000
Malignancies	3 (2.6)	4 (12.9)	0.037	3.65 (1.16–11.46)	0.027
Family history of GI malignancies	6 (5.2)	1 (3.2)	1.000
Smoking	8 (6.9)	5 (16.1)	0.015	3.88 (1.31–11.51)	0.015
Alcohol drinking	11 (9.5)	1 (3.2)	0.462
Use of NSAIDs or antiplatelets	23 (20.0)	11 (35.5)	0.007	4.10 (1.13–14.90)	0.032
Night pain/awakening pain	3 (2.6)	1 (3.2)	1.000
Indications of repeat EGD
Dyspepsia with age ≥55 years	11 (9.5)	1 (3.2)	0.462
Dyspepsia with alarm features	24 (20.9)	6 (19.4)	0.853
Dyspepsia with failed medical therapy	56 (48.7)	18 (58.1)	0.354
Patients’ request	6 (5.2)	3 (9.7)	0.401
Others	10 (8.7)	3 (9.7)	1.000
Not specified	4 (3.5)	1 (3.2)	1.000
Alarm features
Dysphagia	0	0	—
Unexplained weight loss	17 (14.8)	4 (12.9)	1.000
Persistent vomiting	0	0	—
Evidence of GI blood loss	7 (6.1)	1 (3.2)	1.000
Use of PPI within 8 wk	89 (77.4)	23 (74.2)	0.709
H. pylori infection	6 (5.2)	3 (9.7)	0.400

EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GI, gastrointestinal; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SD, standard deviation.