The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Novel Fused-Cyclopentenone Phosphonate and Its Potential in the Local Treatment of Experimental Colitis

Figure 2

The reduction of TNFα levels (expressed as the fraction, in %, of TNFα level secreted by untreated cells) caused by a low concentration range (1–20 μM) of P-5 as measured in LPS-activated macrophages. N: naive control; U: untreated control; B: budesonide (10 μM, positive control). Shown is the mean of three different experiments ± S.D. ANOVA of the effect of P-5 on reduction of TNFα was F_8,97 = 119.21, . ; ; , compared to untreated macrophages.