Investigation of Small Bowel Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Patients Using Capsule Endoscopy

Figure 1

Representative images of villous atrophy. Villous atrophy was endoscopically diagnosed as positive when the reduction or absence of Kerckring’s folds, a mosaic mucosal pattern and scalloping, was confirmed in the duodenum (a–c). A biopsy was performed at the lower duodenum, and villous atrophy was evaluated using the modified Marsh classification [17] (d–f). Marsh was diagnosed as villous atrophy positive. (a) Nonatrophic villi. (b) Reduction of villi. (c) Mosaic pattern of mucosa. (d) Marsh 0. (e) Marsh 3a. (f) Marsh 3c.