Metabolic Perturbation and Potential Markers in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Table 2

The variation trend of metabolites in serum or tissue compared to the control.

Metabolites	The regulatory tendency and statistical analysis relative to the controls
Groups	Serum		Tissue
Glycolysis
Glucose	↓↓		↓	/
Pyruvic acid, lactic acid	↑↑		↓
Glucose-6-phosphate	±	/	↑↑
Ribose	↓↓		↑↑
TCA cycle
Citric acid, α-ketoglutarate, and malic acid	↑↑		↑↑
cis-Aconitic acid	↑		±	/
Succinic acid	↓		↑↑	/
Fumaric acid	↑		↑	/
Amino acid metabolism
Arginine	↓↓		↑
Glutamic acid, glycine, and phenylalanine	↓↓		↑↑
Tryptophan, methionine	↓		↑
Serine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, proline, threonine, hydroxyproline, and ornithine	↓		↑↑
Tyrosine, kynurenic acid, asparagine, and histidine	±	/	↑↑
Alanine	↓		↑	/
Cystine	↓↓		↑↑	/
Taurine	↑↑		±	/
Pyroglutamic acid, creatinine	↓		↓
Urea	±	/	↓↓
Urate	±	/	↑
Lysine	↑		↑
Cysteine	↑		↑	/
Glutamine	↑↑		↓
Fatty acid metabolism
Monostearin, pipecolic acid	↓↓		±	/
Tetradecanoic acid, glyceric acid, docosahexaenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and 2-hydroxyvaleric acid	↓		±	/
Stearic acid	±	/	↑
Oleic acid, aminomalonic acid	±	/	↑↑
Cholesterol, myo-inositol-1-phosphate	↑		↑	/
Linoleic acid	↓		↑
Nucleotide metabolism
Uracil	±	/	↑↑
Hypoxanthine	↑↑	/	↑

↓, ↓↓ show downregulation by at least 20% or 50%, respectively.
↑, ↑↑ show upregulation by at least 20% or 50%, respectively.
± shows marginal regulation without statistical significance; shows ; / shows .