Hepatitis C Virus and Nonliver Solid Cancers: Is There an Association between HCV and Cancers of the Pancreas, Thyroid, Kidney, Oral Cavity, Breast, Lung, and Gastrointestinal Tract?

Table 2

Cohort studies for association of chronic HCV infection with pancreatic cancer (PC).

Author	Country	Study period	Total number of subjects	PC (n)/HCV (+) cases (n)	PC (n)/HCV (−) cases (n)	OC	EC	Person-years	Risk (95% CI)
Abe et al. [25]	Japan	16 years	20,360	NA/1129	NA/19,231	NA	NA	324,394	HR 0.7 (0.3–1.7)
Allison et al. [34]	USA	2006–2010	2,143,369	19/12,126	NA/2,131,243	NA	NA	39.984	SRR 2.5 (1.7–3.2)
Huang et al. [26]	Sweden	1990–2006	50,953	34/39,442	120/197,208	34	16.5	360,154	SIR 2.1 (1.4 2.9); HR 1.6 (1.0–2.4)
Omland et al. [35]	Denmark	1994–2003	4204	4/4204	NA	4	1	15,980	SIR 3.9 (1.1–10.1)
El-Serag et al. [27]	USA	1996–2004	718,687	NA/146,394	NA/572,293	NA	NA	280,676; 1,095,911	HR 1.2 (1.0–1.5)
Amin et al. [28]	Australia	1990–2002	117,547	17/75,834	NA	17	NA	356,775	SIR 1.4 (0.8–2.2)

CI: confidence interval; OC: observed cases; EC: expected cases; SRR: standardized rate ratios; SIR: standardized incidence ratios; OST: opioid substitution therapy. HR adjusted for age, sex, study area, diabetes, BMI, and smoking. SIR WITH lag period after 6 months of HCV notification. Person-years in HCV infected cohort. Person-years in HCV-uninfected cohort. HR adjusted for age, sex, baseline visit date, type of visit (inpatient or outpatient) for the baseline visit, and a preceding visit, previous VA use, and era of military service.