Hepatitis C Virus and Nonliver Solid Cancers: Is There an Association between HCV and Cancers of the Pancreas, Thyroid, Kidney, Oral Cavity, Breast, Lung, and Gastrointestinal Tract?

Table 3

Case-control studies for association of chronic HCV infection with thyroid cancer (TC).

Author	Country	Study design	Sample size (n)	HCV (+) cases; (n)/total cases (n)	HCV (+) controls; (n)/total controls (n)	Factors adjusted	OR (95% CI)	value
Antonelli et al. [29]	Italy	Control^a; Control^b	1540	6/308	0/616^a; 1/616^b	N/A	N/A	0.001^a; 0.003^b
Montella et al. [30]	Italy	HCV diagnosis—ELISA and PCR	34/372	16/130	18/242	N/A	3.3 (1.5–7.4)	0.003
Antonelli et al. [31]	Italy	TC in HCV related MC	564	2/94	0/582	N/A	N/A	0.001
Montella et al. [32]	Italy	HCV prevalence in different; cancers versus controls; 130 TC cases	356	16/130	17/226	Age, sex	(a) Overall population 2.8 (1.2–6.3); (b) ≥50 years 3.1 (1.2–8.0)	(a) 0.01; (b) 0.01
Antonelli et al. [33]	Italy	FNA of PTN	974	3/139	0/835	N/A	N/A	0.004

CI: confidence interval; control—iodine deficient area; control—iodine sufficient area; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; MC: mixed cryoglobulinemia patients; FNA: fine-needle aspiration; PTN: palpable thyroid nodules; NA: not available.