Hepatitis C Virus and Nonliver Solid Cancers: Is There an Association between HCV and Cancers of the Pancreas, Thyroid, Kidney, Oral Cavity, Breast, Lung, and Gastrointestinal Tract?

Table 5

Case-control studies for association of chronic HCV infection with renal cancer (RC).

Author	Country	Study design	Sample size; (n)	HCV (+) cases/total; cases (n)	HCV (+) controls/total; controls (n)	OR (95% CI)	value
Gonzalez et al. [38]	USA	Hospital-based; RCC versus CC	240	11/140; 9/11	1/100; 0/1	24.2; (2.4–>999.9)	0.043
Malaguarnera; et al. [39]	Italy	Case-control	536	8/15 (53%)	30/300 (10%)	N/A	<0.001
Budakoğlu; et al. [40]	Turkey	Hospital-based cases; Controls from; general population	6170	15/903 (1.7%)	81/5267 (1.5%)	N/A	0.77

CC: colon cancer (controls); cases and controls tested for anti HCV; anti-HCV (+) cases and controls tested for HCV RNA; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NA: not available.