Influence of Dietary Factors on Helicobacter pylori and CagA Seroprevalence in Bulgaria

Table 1

H. pylori IgG and CagA IgG seroprevalence in 294 asymptomatic Bulgarian blood donors according to the consumption of some dietary factors.

Dietary factor	Subjects evaluated	H. pylori IgG positive		value^2 (χ^2)	CagA IgG positive		value^2 (χ^2)
	Number	Number	%		Number	%
Age^1
18–30	75	40	53.3	0.001 (18.702)	24	32.0	0.006 (12.62)
31–40	75	58	77.3		39	52.0
41–50	75	59	78.7		42	56.0
51–69	69	56	81.2		40	58.0
Sex^1
Male	218	150	68.8	0.018 (5.603)	101	46.3	0.082 (3.01)
Female	76	63	82.9^2		44	57.9
Subject’s level of education^1
Elementary	43	37	86.0	0.097 (4.669)	27	62.8	0.105 (4.508)
Secondary	178	125	70.2		87	48.9
Higher	73	51	69.9		31	42.5
Profession^1,3 ()
Physical work	184	136	73.9	0.449 (0.573)	97	52.7	0.07 (3.292)
Intellectual work	99	69	69.7		41	41.4
Smoking
No	116	84	72.4	0.701 (0.769)	56	48.3^2	0.019 (3.271)
≤20 cigarettes/day	161	115	71.4		77	47.8
>20 cigarettes/day	17	14	82.4		12	70.6
Alcohol
No	85	62	72.4	0.701 (0.712)	44	51.8	0.657 (0.84)
≤5 days/week	163	120	73.2		81	67.5
>5 days/week	46	31	67.4		20	43.5
Coffee
No	35	21	60.0	0.203 (3.194)	13	37.1	0.296 (2.433)
≤5 days/week	30	23	76.7		16	53.3
>5 days/week	229	169	73.8		116	50.7
Fresh fruits
No	13	10	76.9	1.000 (0.111)	9	69.2	0.125 (4.153)
≤5 days/week	70	51	72.9		39	55.7
>5 days/week	211	152	72.0		97	46.0
Fresh vegetables
No	7	4	57.1	0.483 (1.502)	5	71.4	0.149 (3.81)
≤5 days/week	90	68	75.6		50	55.6
>5 days/week	197	141	71.6		90	45.7
Green tea
No	221	162	73.3	0.531 (1.356)	112	50.7	0.595 (1.039)
≤5 days/week	55	40	72.7		26	47.3
>5 days/week	18	11	61.1		7	38.9
Honey
No	95	69	72.6	0.019 (7.877)	52	54.7	0.018 (7.988)
≤5 days/week	125	99	79.2		67	53.6
>5 days/week	74	45	60.8^2		26	35.1^2
Olive oil
No	171	126	73.7	0.161 (3.658)	87	50.8	0.285 (2.51)
≤5 days/week	70	54	77.1		37	52.9
>5 days/week	53	33	62.3		21	39.6
Raw garlic
No	63	46	73.0	0.967 (0.067)	37	58.7	0.241 (2.842)
≤5 days/week	165	120	72.7		77	46.7
>5 days/week	66	47	71.2		31	47.0
Raw onion
No	65	44	67.7	0.389 (1.886)	33	50.8	0.964 (0.072)
≤5 days/week	153	116	75.8		75	49.0
>5 days/week	76	53	69.8		37	48.7
Red wine
No	132	95	72.0	0.396 (1.853)	69	52.3	0.631 (0.92)
≤5 days/week	109	83	76.1		52	47.7
>5 days/week	53	35	66.0		24	43.4
Yoghurt
No	21	14	66.7	0.387 (1.897)	10	47.6	0.049 (6.016)
≤5 days/week	164	124	75.6		91	55.5
>5 days/week	109	75	68.8		44	40.4^2
Total	294	213	72.4		145	49.3

¹As previously reported by Yordanov et al. [29]; ² and χ² values were according to the univariate analysis; the statistically significant values are shown in bold; ³the number was lower than the total number of subjects due to some missing information.