Cross-Talk between Gut Microbiota and Heart via the Routes of Metabolite and Immunity

Table 3

Nutrition intervention alters gut microbiota composition and improves CVD.

Nutrition intervention	Main findings	Alterations in gut microbiota composition
PSE (plant sterol ester)	Cholesterol and aortic plaque ↓	Erysipelotrichaceae ↑
OBG (oat β-glucan)	Cholesterol, aortic plaque, weight, and fat ↓	Butyrate levels and Verrucomicrobia ↑
High-fiber diet	Improve hypertension and heart failure	Acetate-producing bacteria ↑
ITF (inulin-type fructans)	Reverse endothelial dysfunction	Akkermansia ↑; Bacterial taxa ↓
Vegetable/fruit juices	Promote weight loss, increase vasodilator NO, and decrease lipid oxidation	Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ↓; Bacteroidetes ↑ Cyanobacteria ↑
ω-3 PUFAs and proanthocyanidins	Plasma cholesterol ↓	Maintains the standard proportions of bacterial subgroups and their function
Allicin	TMAO ↓	Clostridium ↑
DMB	TMAO ↓	Inhibit distinct microbial TMA lyases
Resveratrol	TMAO ↓	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ↑
Ganoderma lucidum mycelium	Weight, inflammation, and insulin resistance ↓	Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios and endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels ↓