Factors Associated with Recurrent Ulcers in Patients with Gastric Surgery after More Than 15 Years: A Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study

Table 2

Univariable odds ratio for considered independent variables of gastric ulcer.

Variables	value^‡	ORcrude	95% CI [lower limit, upper limit]
Independent variables
Smoking^a	0.048	3.15	[1.01, 9.93]
LDA^b (no)	0.067	2.63	[0.95, 7.68]
Clopidrogrelum (no)	0.341	1.84	[0.49, 6.35]
NSAIDs^c (no)	0.149	3.00	[0.65, 13.99]
Anticoagulants (no)	0.353	1.92	[0.45, 7.57]
H. pylori (negative)	0.262	0.29	[0.02, 1.76]
Alcohol consumption^d	0.007	4.65	[1.54, 14.60]
Biliary reflux (absent)	0.071	3.05	[0.98, 11.69]
Diabetes mellitus (absent)	0.657	1.29	[0.40, 3.93]
Chronic kidney disease (absent)	0.103	2.42	[0.83, 7.09]
Chronic liver disease (absent)	0.332	1.65	[0.60, 4.61]
Respiratory disease (absent)	0.109	2.46	[0.81, 7.45]
Osteoarthritis (absent)	0.211	1.99	[0.66, 5.85]
Symptoms^e	0.709	0.82	[0.30, 2.33]
Controls
Gender (female)	0.728	1.22	[0.42, 3.88]
Age (<60 years)	0.603	0.75	[0.26, 2.30]

Note: the reference category for each variable was written in parenthesis. ^‡Estimated significance level obtained from Wald’s test; , , . ^a<5 cigarettes/day, including quitters during the past 5 years; ^bLDA = low-dose aspirin (75–125 mg/day); ^cNSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, regular daily doses; ^dless than 10 units/week, 1 unit = 10 ml pure alcohol; ^esymptoms = the absence of any symptom from upper abdominal pain, heartburn, and nausea/vomiting; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.