|
| Biomarker name | Usefulness in predicting NEC | Usefulness in differential diagnosis | Sensitivity | Specificity | Refs. | Comments |
|
| Biomarker in stool | | | | | | |
| Calprotectin | 281 μg/g, early diagnosis and prediction of severity | | 88.24% | 82.61% | 20 | (i) Inflammatory marker, not specific for NEC |
| | 480 μg/g | | 100% | 84.6% | 23 |
| | 226 μg/g, 299 μg/g () | | 75%, 71% | 76%, 88% | 28 | (ii) High individual variability |
| VOCs | Early prediction of NEC | NEC vs. sepsis | 83% | 75% | 32 | (iii) Larger samples will be required |
| Biomarker in urine | | | | | | |
| I-FABPu | 10.2 pg/nmol cr, early prediction of NEC | | 100% | 95.6% | 35 | |
| | 2.52 pg/nmol cr | NEC vs. sepsis | 81% | 100% | 36 | |
| | | | 64% | 73% | 39 | (i) Low sensitivity and specificity |
| | 218 ng/ml (0-8 h after the onset of symptoms) | Uncomplicated vs. complicated NEC, 232 ng/ml (8-16 h after the onset of symptoms) | 57%, 71% | 89%, 80% | 46 | |
| Urinary SAA | | 34.4 ng/ml, medical vs. surgical NEC | 83% | 83% | 40 | |
| PGE-MUM | Severity of NEC | | 92.3% | 81.5% | 41 | (ii) Not specific for NEC |
| Urinary proteins | CST3, PEDF, and RET4: severity of NEC | A2ML1, CD14, CST3, PEDF, RET4, and VASN: NEC vs. sepsis | 89% | 80% | 43 | (iii) High cost |
| | | | 89% | 90% | | |
| Biomarker in serum | | | | | | |
| I-FABPp | Severity of NEC | | 64% | 91% | 39 | (i) Medium sensitivity |
| | | Medical vs. surgical NEC | 71% | 76% | | |
| | 9 ng/ml (0-8 h after the 7onset of symptoms) | Uncomplicated vs. complicated NEC, 19 ng/ml (8-16 h after the onset of symptoms) | 80%, 88% | 86%, 80% | 46 | |
| | Early diagnosis | | 67%, 74%, 0.83% | 84% | 47 | |
| Fibrinogen-γ dimers | Severity of NEC | NEC vs. sepsis | | | 49 | |
| IMA | Severity of NEC | 252.57 pmol/ml, medical vs. surgical NEC | 89.5% | 64% | 50 | (ii) Not specific for NEC from other ischemic diseases |
| | | 294.91 pmol/ml, survival vs. died infants | 92.9% | 96.7% | |
| Interleukin-8 | Severity of NEC | 1783 pg/ml, medical vs. surgical NEC | 90.5% | 59.2% | 52 | (iii) Nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation |
| IaIp | 207 mg/l | Spontaneous intestinal perforation | 100% | 88.2% | 54 | (iv) Larger samples will be required |
| Other noninvasive markers | | | | | | |
| NIRS | | Uncomplicated vs. complicated NEC | | | 56 | (i) No distinction between NEC and other intestinal diseases during the early stages |
| | | Cerebral , liver | 100%, 100% | 80%, 100% | | |
| Doppler flow velocity | | NEC vs. sepsis | | | 57 | (ii) Not specific for NEC from other ischemic diseases |
| | , | | 96.3%, 88.8% | 90.9%, 78.8% | 58 | |
| HRV | Severity of NEC (stage II vs. stage III). | | | | 59 | (iii) Stability of HF-HRV requires more verification |
| | 4.68 ms2 HF-HRV | | 89% | 87% | 60 | |
| Gene polymorphisms | Severity of NEC | | | | 61 | (iv) Long time to obtain the results |
|
