Abstract
18F-FDG PET/MRI has been applied to the diagnosis and preoperative staging in various tumor types; however, reports using PET/MRI in gastric cancer are rare because of motion artifacts. We investigated the value of PET/MRI for preoperative staging compared with PET/CT in gastric cancer (GC). Thirty patients with confirmed GC underwent PET/CT and PET/MRI. TNM staging for each patient was determined from the PET/MRI and PET/CT images. The diagnostic performance of PET/MRI and PET/CT was calculated compared with the pathologic TNM stage. The two methods were compared using statistical analyses. The accuracy for T staging between PET/MRI and PET/CT was 76.9% vs. 57.7%, respectively. In T1 and T4a staging, the sensitivity and specificity for PET/MRI vs. PET/CT was 1.0 vs. 0.6 and 1.0 vs. 0.8, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for PET/MRI vs. PET/CT was 1.00 vs. 0.78 in the T1 stage, 0.73 vs. 0.66 in the T2 stage, 0.72 vs. 0.57 in the T3 stage, and 0.86 vs. 0.83 in the T4 stage. The accuracy for N staging of PET/MRI vs. PET/CT was 53.9% vs. 34.0%, and that for N0 vs. N+ was 85.0% vs. 77.0%. The sensitivity for PET/MRI in N3 staging was 0.67 and 0 for PET/CT. There was a statistically significant difference in the AUC for N1 staging (PET/MRI vs. PET/CT, 0.63 vs. 0.53, ). SUVmax/ADC positively correlated with tumor volume and Ki-67. PET/MRI performs more accurately in TNM staging compared with PET/CT and is optimal for accurate N staging. SUVmax/ADC has positive correlations with tumor volume and Ki-67.
1. Introduction
Although there has been a steady decline in the incidence and mortality rate of gastric cancer (GC) around the world, it remains the fifth most common malignancy and third leading cause of cancer death [1]. GC rates are the highest in Eastern Asia, particularly in China, Korea, Mongolia, and Japan, where the rates are seven times greater than in the USA [2]. Aside from surgery, the only potential curative treatments for GC include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. An accurate pretreatment staging of GC can provide evidence for the correct choice of therapeutic regimen.
Computerized tomography (CT), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are routine tools to determine pretreatment staging, all with advantages and limitations. CT remains the first choice for pretreatment staging in GC. Meta-analysis data suggests that the accuracy rate for primary tumor (T) stage identification by CT is 71.5% compared with histology [3]. This rate was lower than when EUS was used, which has been reported as 75% accurate [4]. PET/CT has the highest accuracy among the three examination modalities and additionally plays an important role in detecting occult metastases [5, 6]. Regional tumor (N) staging remains challenging to detect by any of these examinations.
Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is a promising technique due to the added advantages provided by MRI over CT, including superior soft-tissue contrast, functional imaging, and lack of ionizing radiation [7]. PET/MRI has been applied to more than 16 kinds of oncological diseases, and its diagnostic performance is demonstrated to be similar or better than PET/CT [8]. However, in GC, both MRI and PET/MRI are rarely used for preoperative staging due to respiration and gastric peristalsis during image acquisition, which can lead to motion artifacts. From the limited studies performed to date, the accuracy of MRI in T staging was between 83% and 73.68% [3, 9]. We hypothesized that PET/MRI has a superior performance in GC staging compared with PET/CT or CT; however, the only study comparing PET/MRI to CT did not show any added value of PET/MRI in TN staging [10]. Thus, the aim of this prospective investigation was to assess the value of PET/MRI in GC staging compared with PET/CT.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
This prospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and informed consent was signed by all of the recruited patients. We recruited 30 patients that were diagnosed with GC from the Chinese PLA General Hospital, between December 2016 and November 2017. The criteria for inclusion into the study is as follows: pathological diagnosis of GC using endoscopy and biopsy, age greater than 18 years, no previous treatment history for GC, and no contraindications for PET and MRI, such as severe diabetes or a cardiac pacemaker. Exclusion criteria included patients with other neoplastic disease or complications regarding obstructions or bleeding and patients with abdominal inflammatory diseases. The flowchart of selection criteria is shown in Figure 1.
2.2. PET/MRI and PET/CT Study
The PET/MRI was performed 3 days after PET/CT. Patients fasted for at least 6 hours and then rested quietly for 20–30 minutes before a body-weight-adapted dose of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG; produced in our institute under good manufacturing practice conditions) at 2.22 to 4.44 MBq (0.08–0.12 mCi)/kg was intravenously injected. A quiet rest of approximately 60 minutes was required before examination. To minimize bowel movement, 10 mg of hyoscine butylbromide (Chengdu No. 1 Drug Research Institute Company Limited, Chengdu, China) was injected intravenously in all patients (no contraindications, such as glaucoma, prostate hypertrophy, or severe heart disease) which was presented 5 minutes prior to PET/MRI examination. Each patient was also asked to drink 1000 mL of water immediately prior to PET/MRI acquisition to distend the stomach and enable better visualization of gastric lesions. Our fully integrated PET/MRI protocol included two parts: (1) a whole-body PET/MRI scan and (2) dedicated stomach MRI. The total acquisition took 30–40 minutes for the whole-body PET/MRI scan and took approximately 20 minutes for the dedicated stomach MRI.
PET/MRI data were acquired by use of an integrated PET/MRI scanner (Biograph mMR, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) that had a YSO crystal-APD PET detector assembly fixed inside a 3.0 T MRI gantry between the body coil and the gradient magnet coil.
All subjects underwent PET/CT scans using the standard protocol used at our institution. Each patient was also asked to drink 1000 mL of water immediately prior to PET/CT acquisition to distend the stomach and enable a better visualization of gastric lesions. Whole-body imaging covered from the chin to the upper thigh with 10–20 min/5 to 7 bed data collection after low-dose CT scanning (120 kV, 100–120 mA/s, 5 mm slice thickness, 5 mm increment, pitch 1) adjusted by the patient’s body weight and height, using the scanner (Biograph 64, Siemens Healthcare, Knoxville, TN, USA). PET/CT does not need dedicated stomach scanning, and the absence of it does not affect the diagnostic value of PET/CT and the results of the study. The images were reconstructed with CT attenuation correction (AC) by use of ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) software provided by the venders.
The detailed protocols of the PET/MRI and PET/CT study are supplied in the supplementary data (available here).
2.3. Clinical Staging and Gold Standard
Either clinical staging or pathological staging was determined by the 8th edition of the TNM staging system [11]. The detailed imaging criteria of TNM staging are supplied in the supplementary data. The results of postoperative pathological diagnosis served as the reference standard. As the patients in this study had not received a gastrectomy, a combination of clinical features and the results of cytological examination or laparoscopy exploration and imaging examinations of CT and EUS during more than six months of follow-up were regarded as the gold standard for determining the TNM stage.
2.4. Image Analysis
Three board-certified nuclear medicine physicians with at least 5 years of experience in PET/CT and 2 years of experience in PET/MRI were responsible for the image analysis in this study. Before the study, the image criteria for GC staging were discussed and determined according to previous studies and our experience [12–14]. The detailed information is given as supplementary data. The reviewers were blinded to the results of the images and pathological reports. Two of the three physicians analyzed the images independently, but for cases where their conclusions were not consistent, the third reviewer judged the divergences and reached a final decision with the other two physicians. The PET/CT and PET/MRI images were analyzed at the end of the study. PET/CT images were analyzed first with cases randomly presented, and 4 weeks later PET/MRI was analyzed to reduce recall bias. The reviewers were asked to determine the T stage as T1, T2, T3, T4a, or T4b; the N stage as N0, N1, N2, or N3; and the M stage as M0 or M1.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the value of PET/MRI in GC staging compared with PET/CT and CT. Diagnostic tests were conducted; using pathological results and clinical information during follow-up as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. We also performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for evaluating the diagnostic capability among each imaging platforms in T, N, and M stages. The comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy among the three imaging examinations was calculated with a McNemar test. To test whether the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were different, the correlation in testing methods was accounted for in the analysis. The correlation between SUVmax/apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and clinical features was analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation. A value <0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference, and all the statistical analyses were performed using the commercially available MedCalc software program v.12.2.1.0.
3. Results
3.1. Surgical Operation and Pathologic Staging
Twenty-six patients underwent a curative gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy, and one patient underwent a palliative gastrectomy after preoperative systemic chemotherapy. Four of the 30 patients were diagnosed with distant metastasis: peritoneal seeding (), liver (), retroperitoneal lymph nodes (), and retroperitoneal and left supraclavicular lymph nodes (). The patient with peritoneal seeding was diagnosed by diagnostic laparoscopy and finally confirmed by histological examination after palliative gastrectomy. The other patients with distant metastasis were diagnosed clinically using the PET, CT, and EUS follow-up results. As shown in Table 1, the GC consisted of 21 tubular adenocarcinomas (moderate differentiation in 9 patients and poor differentiation in 12 patients), 2 signet ring cell carcinomas, 5 adenocarcinomas with signet ring cells and mucinous cell components, and 2 adenocarcinomas with neuroendocrine cell components. The male to female ratio was 4 : 1, and the mean age was 58 years (range, 34–76). The average tumor size was 28.57 cm3. The pathological T staging of patients who had undergone curative gastrectomy was, respectively, staged as T1, T2, T3, and T4a in 5, 4, 8, and 9 cases, and N staging was N0, N1, N2, and N3 in 11, 4, 5, and 6 cases (Table 2).
3.2. Diagnostic Performance Analysis
3.2.1. Diagnostic Value of T Staging
For overall T staging, PET/MRI and PET/CT correctly diagnosed 20 and 15 cases from 26 patients, respectively, and the accuracy of PET/MRI vs. PET/CT was 76.9% vs. 57.7% (). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of each stage compared between PET/MRI and PET/CT are summarized in Table 3, and no statistically significant differences were found. In T1 and T4a stages, PET/MRI diagnosed all cases correctly (), while PET/MRI and PET/CT had the same specificity regarding the T4a stage (75%). The AUC of PET/MRI vs. PET/CT was 1.00 vs. 0.78 in the T1 stage, 0.73 vs. 0.66 in the T2 stage, 0.72 vs. 0.57 in the T3 stage, and 0.86 vs. 0.83 in the T4 stage. PET/MRI or PET/CT performed less well in the T2 and T3 stages, and PET/CT had a sensitivity of only 25% in the T3 stage. The representative cases are shown in Figures 2 and 3 for T staging.
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3.2.2. Diagnostic Value of N and M Staging
The accuracy for PET/MRI and PET/CT for the overall N staging was 53.9% and 34% (), but the accuracy for N0 vs. N+ was 0.82 in PET/MRI and 0.73 in PET/CT. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for the N0 stage were 0.73, 0.93, and 0.85 in PET/MRI and 0.67, 0.79, and 0.77 in PET/CT, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in the AUC of PET/MRI vs. PET/CT for the N1 stage (0.63 vs. 0.53, ), although the sensitivity of PET/MRI and PET/CT was the same for the N1 and N2 staging at 0.25 and 0.2, respectively. For the N3 stage, PET/MRI correctly diagnosed 4 cases from 6 patients, but PET/CT diagnosed none of the cases (sensitivity, PET/MRI vs. vs. 0). Figure 4 shows representative images for the detection of positive lymph nodes.
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Neither PET/MRI nor PET/CT diagnosed the distant metastasis as peritoneal seeding, but for the other three patients with liver, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, or left supraclavicular lymph nodes, they had similar performance in detecting the lesions.
3.3. The Relationship between SUVmax/ADC and Clinical Features
As shown in Table 1, the average PET/MRI-SUVmax, PET/CT-SUVmax, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of all the patients were 7.14, 7.95, and . The SUVmax was the lowest in the signet ring cell carcinoma group compared with the other cancer types. A negative correlation was found between the SUVmax and ADC of primary lesions (Spearman’s nonparametric correlation, , ). The SUVmax/ADC of primary lesions was found to correlate positively with their size (Spearman’s nonparametric correlation, , ) and the proliferation marker, Ki-67 (Spearman’s nonparametric correlation, , ). The correlations between these factors are shown in Figure 5. TNM staging, tumor differentiation, and HER-2 status were not found to correlate with the SUVmax/ADC.
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4. Discussion
18F-FDG PTE/MRI is widely accepted as a useful tool in the diagnosis and staging of various types of tumors; however, its application in GC was deemed to be impractical due to motion artifacts caused by respiration or gastric peristalsis and higher examination time cost than PET/CT [15]. Only one study using GC patients has been performed to date and comprises a retrospective comparison between PET/MRI and MDCT [10]. The motion artifacts detected in this study meant that it failed to assess the value of PET/MRI for accurate T and N staging, and any benefit of using PET/MRI in T and N staging compared with MDCT was not determined. Considering that many studies have suggested that MRI performs better than CT in GC [13, 14], we expected that PET/MRI would be more useful in GC staging; thus, we conducted a prospective study comparing PET/MRI with PET/CT for preoperative staging. Before our study, we had tried to overcome the problems associated with examining GC by PET/MRI. To maintain a filled stomach, we tried to continuously inject water into the stomach with a pump system; however, this was unfeasible due to artifacts caused by the pump. Finally, we found that defining the optimal method for stomach imaging and minimizing the examination time is a feasible way to reduce motion artifacts and mismatches between MRI data and PET data (more detail is shown in our protocol). Although no statistical differences were shown in the major test results, the performance of PET/MRI was better than that of PET/CT regarding diagnostic test results and identification of the images.
According to the 7th or 8th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system for GC [16], the T3 stage is defined as when the tumor penetrates the subserosal connective tissue without invasion of the visceral peritoneum and is considered the most difficult part of preoperative staging using imaging examinations. The subserosal connective tissue is less than 1/10 of the stomach wall; therefore, it is difficult to identify from the narrow stomach image. PET/MRI can provide high-resolution anatomic data, and it was expected to have better performance than PET/CT in T3 staging by our selected imaging sequence. The sensitivity of PET/MRI and PET/CT imaging was 0.50 and 0.25, respectively, and the AUC value was greater for PET/MRI than that for PET/CT. Although neither PET/MRI nor PET/CT achieved an optimal performance in T3 staging, PET/MRI still had an advantage compared with PET/CT, even with CT or MRI. Both PET/MRI and PET/CT had a relatively low sensitivity in T2 staging, mainly due to the incorrect identification of the T2 stage instead of the T3 stage. When compared with PET/CT, PET/MRI produced fewer mistakes in the diagnosis of T2 or T3 patients. PET/MRI correctly identified the tumor staging in the T1 and T4 stages. The overall accuracy of T staging was 76.9% by PET/MRI and 57.7% by PET/CT. The AC values for CT and MRI, which were reported in a latest review, were 71.5% and 83%, respectively [6]. However, we found that the majority of articles cited in the review were conducted before 2012 and used the 6th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system. The T3 stage in the 6th edition is defined as when the tumor invades serosa and is equal to the T4a stage in the 7th edition [17]. It is easier to identify the T stage with the 6th edition than with the 7th edition using imaging examinations. We did not include CT data in our study as patients often had CT examinations in other hospitals, and we could not obtain sufficient image data from these CT measurements. There were 18 patients in our study who underwent CT in our hospital, and the overall accuracy of CT compared with pathological results in T staging was 61%, lower than PET/MRI. From the results of diagnostic tests and comparison of images, we can conclude that PET/MRI performs better than PET/CT for T staging.
Metastatic lymph nodes (LN+) are difficult to detect by imaging techniques as the criteria defining LN+ are mainly size-dependent (raging from >5 mm to >1 cm) [12]. However, LN+ are not always enlarged [18]. In our study, there were 126 LN+ from 768 LN identified by pathological examinations, and the ratio of LN+ <5 mm was 58% (73/126) and the ratio of LN+ with high metabolism in PET was only 9.5% (12/126). Additionally, enlarged LN are not always tumor-positive but can be enlarged due to inflammation [19]. These results show the extreme difficulty in accurate N staging by size-dependent criteria or metabolic criteria. Therefore, most studies that have focused on operative staging only performed a comparison between N0 and N+ [10, 20, 21]. In our experience, LN can be identified by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and combined with a T2 saturated fat sequence, so PET/MRI can identify more LN and also distinguish more LN+ from them, as shown in Figure 4. PET/MRI using both metabolic criteria and size-dependent criteria and functional imaging has more advantages for N staging than other imaging techniques. The overall accuracy for N staging was 53.85% using PET/MRI and 34% using PET/CT. The overall accuracy of N0 vs. N+ was 85% using PET/MRI and 77% using PET/CT, which is better than the latest study of 76.7% using PET/MRI [10] and 64% using EUS. In the N3 stage, PET/MRI correctly diagnosed 4 cases from 6 patients while PET/CT diagnosed none. As shown in Table 2, PET/MRI diagnosed 10 cases as the N3 stage and PET/CT diagnosed only 1 case. That means PET/MRI has greater power in the diagnosis of LN+ GC. At the same time, less diagnostic cases lead to a lower rate of false-positive identifications; it is one reason why PET/CT achieves better results in GC. These results support the point that PET/MRI is better able to recognize LN+ than is PET/CT and even other imaging examinations.
There are many reasons that impact on the performance of PET/MRI in determining the N stage. First, an incorrect diagnosis of inflammatory LN as positive LN led to an overestimate of N staging. Second, many LN+ cases were diagnosed by PET/MRI but were not identified by pathological examination. Reports suggest that ex vivo lymphadenectomy (EVD) after gastrectomy, which can procure more LN, was more accurately staged than the no EVD group was () with 28% of the no EVD group being inadequately staged [22]. A prospective study that combines EVD with PET/MRI may be needed to assess the true value of PET/MRI in N staging. Here, we conclude that PET/MRI is the optimal imaging technique for N staging as it has the ability to identify a greater number of LN+.
From our data, the performance of PET/MRI is equivalent to PET/CT during M staging for the patient with peritoneal seeding, as both modalities failed to identify the case. Many studies have shown the adequate performance of PET/MRI in M staging, although our data cannot support these conclusions due to the small sample size. The images from the liver metastasis patient suggest that PET/MRI has a significant advantage in diagnosing liver lesions and predicting resectability (as shown in Figure 6). One limitation of this study is the small sample size; we did not have enough patients to identify any differences between the two methods, and we only achieved a statistically significant difference in AUC for N1 staging.
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Previous studies suggest that SUV in GC is affected by its histological type and tumor volume [23, 24]. The SUV value was lower in small tumors or signet cell carcinomas and is consistent with our results. The use of SUV and ADC to predict the preoperative chemotherapy response has been proven by many studies [25–27]. Here, we investigated the correlations between SUVmax/ADC and clinical characteristics and found that the tumor volume and Ki-67 have a positive correlation with SUVmax/ADC. We hypothesized that the fusion coefficient—SUVmax/ADC of the primary lesion can be a potential predictive marker for preoperative chemotherapy response and long-term survival; however, future work is needed to test this hypothesis.
Nowadays, PET/CT is widely used in the systemic assessment of patients with suspected metastasis. Compared with PET/CT, the application of PET/MRI on GC will not be limited to these patients according to our results. First, PET/MRI has a high diagnostic value on T1 and N0 staging (Ac: T1, 100%; N0, 85%). For patients with early GC, it can provide more systemic and exact evidence for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) surgery than EUS can. Second, PET/MRI has advantages in N staging; it can recognize more LN+ cases than other examinations. In clinical practice, T staging is primarily used to determine the necessity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but with more exact N staging evidence, surgeons may provide patients with more accurate surgical options and chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the use of SUV or ADC to predict the preoperative chemotherapy response is not just a research concept; the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has applied it to the treatment of GC [28]. The results of PET/MRI use include many metabolic parameters, such as SUV, ADC, Kep, and Ve. It would be promising for the individualized selection of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Generally, after the first assessment of GC using CE-CT and EUS, a PET/CT would be conducted if suspected metastatic lesions were identified. In the event of liver metastasis, an MRI would be conducted. The whole process is costly regarding time and money, especially time. PET/MRI can provide both systemic and local evidence for clinical decision-making in 1–2 hours, and the cost of PET/MRI is similar comparable to PET/CT.
5. Conclusion
PET/MRI performs better in TN staging compared with PET/CT; it has the potential to be the optimal imaging technique for accurate N staging. Furthermore, we identified that the SUVmax/ADC correlates positively with tumor volume and Ki-67.
Data Availability
The pathology and imaging data used to support the findings of this study are restricted by the Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital ethics review board in order to protect patients’ privacy. Data are available from Yi Liu (E-mail: [email protected]) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.
Ethical Approval
The study was carried out under the ethics committee approval from the PLA General Hospital (Beijing China).
Consent
All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflicts of Interest
We declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contributions
Yi Liu and Dong Zheng contributed equally to this study. The following are the authors’ contributions: study design—Yi Liu, Dong Zheng, Jia-jin Liu, and Jian-xin Cui; patient recruitment—Bo Wei, Hong-qing Xi, Xiao-hui Huang, and Xin-xin Wang; clinical data—Yi Liu; performance of PET/MRI and PET/CT—Bai-xuan Xu and Ke Li; imaging analysis—Dong Zheng, Jia-jin Liu, and Jia-he Tian; data analysis and validation—Ke-cheng Zhang, Yun-he Gao, and Wen-quan Liang; manuscript writing—Yi Liu, Dong Zheng; and main revise and final approval—Lin Chen and Jia-he Tian. All authors have reviewed and contributed to the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded partly by the Nursery Foundation of PLA General Hospital (No. 17KMZ01), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81672319), the National Key Research and Development Plan (No. 2016YFC0905302), the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan projects (Z161100000516237), the Beijing Nova Program (Z181100006218011).
Supplementary Materials
The supplementary material mainly included three parts. Firstly, the detail TNM staging of each patient using imaging examinations and pathology diagnosis; secondly, the operation process of PET/CT and PET/MRI and the detail information of sequences which we had applied into PET/MRI; and thirdly, the imaging criteria of TNM staging. The information may be helpful to the reviewers but not necessary. (Supplementary Materials)