Hemodialysis Increases the Risk of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Angiodysplasia Bleeding: A Nationwide Population Study

Table 3

The independent predictors of lower gastrointestinal bleeding by Cox regression analysis.

Variable	Univariate analysis	95% CI		Multivariate analysis	95% CI
	Crude HR	Upper	Lower	Adjusted HR	Upper	Lower
Control group	1.00	—	—	1.00	—	—
Dialysis CKD group	5.97	3.83	9.29	29.09	9.66	87.63
Dialysis-free CKD group	1.79	1.07	3.01	6.61	2.27	19.23
Age
20-44	1.00	—	—	1.00	—	—
45-64	2.91	0.29	29.64	3.00	0.26	34.28
65-74	3.98	0.39	41.14	5.26	0.47	59.08
75-84	3.43	0.34	34.25	5.04	0.44	57.96
≥85	25.59	1.57	416.29	61.47	2.68	1412.10
Male	1.89	1.07	3.33	3.14	1.45	6.78
Stroke	3.13	1.22	8.03	2.41	0.67	8.67
Diabetes mellitus	1.83	0.89	3.79	1.84	0.67	5.05
Hypertension	0.83	0.45	1.50	0.84	0.36	1.98
Ischemic heart disease	0.81	0.46	1.43	0.83	0.38	1.80
Medication
Aspirin	2.08	1.43	3.01	0.57	0.27	1.20
Steroids	2.03	1.38	2.99	0.75	0.39	1.43
Warfarin	1.50	0.54	4.18	1.28	0.33	5.01
Clopidogrel	2.49	1.51	4.11	1.22	0.58	2.57
Dipyridamole	2.03	1.33	3.10	0.88	0.44	1.75
Ticlopidine	1.23	0.43	3.54	0.40	0.11	1.42
All NSAID	2.00	1.39	2.87	4.00	0.15	107.02
Selective NSAID	1.54	0.91	2.59	0.74	0.35	1.57
Nonselective NSAID	2.01	1.40	2.89	0.11	0.01	2.50

CKD: chronic kidney disease.