Immune Response in H. pylori-Associated Gastritis and Gastric Cancer

Figure 1

NF-κB signal activation and NLRP3 inflammasome active proinflammation factors. TLR recognition induces NF-κB signal activation in various pathways and then produces pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18. NOD-2 and HK-1 receptor, impaired mitochondria, and lysosome could activate NLRP3 inflammasomes as well. Inflammasomes are capable of activating caspase-1 to cleave pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18 into a mature molecule. Besides, gasdermin-D is assembled on the membrane to facilitate inflammation factor translocation and lead to an inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. Abbreviations: TLR: toll-like receptors; NOD: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing 3; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; HK1: hexokinase 1.