Research Article
Prediction and Risk Factors for Prognosis of Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
Table 1
Comparative data of survivors versus nonsurvivors.
| | Variable | Survivors () | Nonsurvivors () | value | | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) |
| | Gender (male, %) | 240 | 189 (78.8) | | 64 | 53 (82.8) | | 0.923 | | Age (years) | 240 | | 52.0 (43.0-60.0) | 64 | | 53.0 (45.0-61.8) | 0.668 | | Vital signs | | | | | | | | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 240 | | 116.0 (105.0-128.0) | 64 | | 116.0 (106.3-127.5) | 0.701 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 240 | | 68.0 (63.0-75.0) | 64 | | 69.5 (62.0-79.0) | 0.251 | | Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 240 | | 86.0 (78.0-95.8) | 64 | | 86.0 (77.0-92.0) | 0.390 | | Etiologies of liver diseases, (%) | 240 | | | 64 | | | 0.424 | | HBV | | 153 (63.7) | | | 46 (71.9) | | | | HCV | | 5 (2.1) | | | 0 (0) | | | | Alcohol | | 37 (15.4) | | | 7 (10.9) | | | | HBV+HCV | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+alcohol | | 8 (3.3) | | | 3 (4.7) | | | | HCV+alcohol | | 3 (1.3) | | | 0 (0) | | | | DILI | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | AIH | | 3 (1.3) | | | 2 (3.1) | | | | PBC+AIH | | 2 (0.8) | | | 1 (1.6) | | | | HBV+AIH | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+DILI | | 2 (0.8) | | | 0 (0) | | | | Unknown | | 24 (10.0) | | | 5 (7.8) | | | | Laboratory tests | | | | | | | | | WBC (1012/L) | 240 | | 5.7 (3.9-8.6) | 64 | | 8.8 (5.8-12.6) | <0.001 | | RBC (1012/L) | 240 | | 3.0 (2.5-3.8) | 64 | | 3.1 (2.2-3.9) | 0.748 | | Hemoglobin (g/L) | 239 | | 97.0 (80.0-118.0) | 64 | | 100.0 (80.0-123.5) | 0.864 | | Platelet (109/L) | 239 | | 66.0 (47.0-105.0) | 64 | | 63.5 (40.0-123.5) | 0.611 | | Neutrophil (1012/L) | 240 | | 3.6 (2.4-6.4) | 64 | | 6.4 (4.2-9.9) | <0.001 | | Lymphocyte (1012/L) | 240 | | 0.9 (0.6-1.5) | 64 | | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 0.818 | | TBIL (μmol/L) | 240 | | 102.4 (43.3-349.3) | 64 | | 319.0 (139.9-510.1) | <0.001 | | DBIL (μmol/L) | 240 | | 50.8 (16.5-203.7) | 64 | | 179.8 (71.8-285.6) | <0.001 | | IBIL (μmol/L) | 240 | | 46.8 (22.5-110.7) | 64 | | 132.3 (51.4-211.5) | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/L) | 240 | | 29.7 (26.4-33.5) | 64 | | 30.3 (25.5-32.5) | 0.748 | | ALT (U/L) | 240 | | 39.5 (24.5-105.3) | 64 | | 82.6 (38.6-305.3) | 0.001 | | AST (U/L) | 240 | | 65.4 (39.1-155.1) | 55 | | 130.5 (65.4-360.1) | <0.001 | | ALP (U/L) | 230 | | 123.5 (97.0-170.8) | 64 | | 119.0 (80.3-181.3) | 0.250 | | GGT (U/L) | 240 | | 54.0 (30.2-99.0) | 64 | | 68.5 (41.3-128.8) | 0.076 | | Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 240 | | 6.6 (4.4-9.7) | 64 | | 9.2 (4.9-14.3) | 0.005 | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 240 | | 69.1 (55.0-96.2) | 64 | | 87.3 (60.6-135.7) | 0.012 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | 240 | | 3.9 (3.4-4.3) | 63 | | 4.0 (3.6-4.6) | 0.370 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 240 | | 137.0 (132.0-140.4) | 64 | | 135.3 (129.3-140.8) | 0.061 | | Calcium (mmol/L) | 231 | | 2.2 (2.1-2.3) | 64 | | 2.2 (2.0-2.4) | 0.477 | | Ammonia (μmol/L) | 162 | | 42.0 (27.8-79.3) | 36 | | 66.5 (28.8-116.3) | 0.031 | | PT (second) | 240 | | 18.7 (15.4-25.6) | 64 | | 24.6 (18.1-34.7) | <0.001 | | APTT (second) | 240 | | 51.3 (38.7-69.3) | 64 | | 59.6 (48.8-83.7) | 0.004 | | INR | 240 | | 1.6 (1.3-2.2) | 64 | | 2.2 (1.6-2.8) | <0.001 | | Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) | 240 | 52/104/84 | | 64 | 8/34/22 | | 0.066 | | Hepatic encephalopathy (grades I-II/grades III-IV) | 240 | 199/41 | | 64 | 32/32 | | 0.545 | | Child-Pugh score | 240 | | 11.0 (9.0-12.0) | 64 | | 12.0 (11.0-13.0) | <0.001 | | Child-Pugh class (A/B/C) | 240 | 5/61/174 | | 64 | 0/3/61 | | 0.958 | | ALBI score | 240 | | -1.1 (-1.6- (-0.8)) | 64 | | -0.9 (-1.2- (-0.7)) | 0.002 | | ALBI grade (1/2/3) | 240 | 1/86/153 | | 64 | 0/13/51 | | 0.557 | | MELD score | 240 | | 19.0 (14.0-27.8) | 64 | | 24.5 (20.0-29.8) | 0.001 | | MELD-Na score | 240 | | 22.0 (15.0-29.0) | 64 | | 26.0 (21.0-33.0) | 0.001 | | NLR | 240 | | 3.7 (2.3-6.6) | 64 | | 7.4 (3.4-11.1) | <0.001 |
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Abbreviations: AIH: autoimmune hepatitis; ALBI: albumin to bilirubin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; DBIL: direct bilirubin; DILI: drug-induced liver injury; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; IBIL: indirect bilirubin; IQR: interquartile range; INR: international normalized ratio; MELD: model for end-stage liver diseases; MELD-Na: model for end-stage liver diseases-sodium; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PBC: primary biliary cholangitis; PT: prothrombin time; RBC: red blood count; SD: standard deviation; TBIL: total bilirubin; WBC: white blood count. Note: value < 0.05. |
