Research Article
Prediction and Risk Factors for Prognosis of Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
Table 3
Comparative data of patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy versus severe hepatic encephalopathy.
| | Variable | HE grade I or II () | HE grade III or IV () | value | | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) |
| | Gender (male, %) | 231 | 182 (78.8) | | 73 | 60 (82.2) | | 0.530 | | Age (years) | 231 | | 52.0 (44.0-60.0) | 73 | | 53.0 (40.5-62.0) | 0.654 | | Vital signs | | | | | | | | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 231 | | 116.0 (105.0-127.0) | 73 | | 117.0 (104.5-133.0) | 0.310 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 231 | | 68.0 (63.0-75.0) | 73 | | 67.0 (61.5-80.0) | 0.828 | | Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 231 | | 85.0 (78.0-93.0) | 73 | | 88.0 (78.5-99.0) | 0.168 | | Etiologies of liver diseases | 231 | | | 73 | | | 0.585 | | HBV | | 153 (66.2) | | | 46 (63.0) | | | | HCV | | 4 (1.7) | | | 1 (1.4) | | | | Alcohol | | 30 (13.0) | | | 14 (19.2) | | | | HBV+HCV | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+alcohol | | 7 (3.0) | | | 4 (5.5) | | | | HCV+alcohol | | 3 (1.3) | | | 0 (0) | | | | DILI | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | AIH | | 2 (0.9) | | | 3 (4.1) | | | | PBC+AIH | | 3 (1.3) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+AIH | | 1 (0.4) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+DILI | | 2 (0.9) | | | 0 (0) | | | | Unknown | | 24 (10.4) | | | 5 (6.8) | | | | Laboratory tests | | | | | | | | | WBC (1012/L) | 231 | | 5.8 (3.9-9.0) | 73 | | 7.5 (4.9-10.3) | 0.008 | | RBC (1012/L) | 231 | | 3.0 (2.5-3.6) | 73 | | 3.2 (2.6-4.1) | 0.034 | | Hemoglobin (g/L) | 230 | | 97.0 (80.0-117.0) | 73 | | 102.0 (80.0-131.0) | 0.271 | | Platelet (109/L) | 230 | | 66.0 (46.8-106.3) | 73 | | 64.0 (40.0-122.0) | 0.730 | | Neutrophil (1012/L) | 231 | | 3.7 (2.4-6.6) | 73 | | 5.7 (3.1-8.8) | 0.004 | | Lymphocyte (1012/L) | 231 | | 0.9 (0.7-1.5) | 73 | | 1.0 (0.6-1.5) | 0.853 | | TBIL (μmol/L) | 231 | | 123.5 (44.0-371.5) | 73 | | 260.0 (67.3-421.8) | 0.028 | | DBIL (μmol/L) | 231 | | 69.3 (18.3-231.3) | 73 | | 146.0 (30.1-236.8) | 0.055 | | IBIL (μmol/L) | 231 | | 51.6 (22.9-137.0) | 73 | | 93.0 (34.1-180.8) | 0.015 | | Albumin (g/L) | 231 | | 29.8 (26.4-32.5) | 73 | | 29.7 (25.8-34.1) | 0.705 | | ALT (U/L) | 231 | | 42.1 (23.9-100.6) | 73 | | 80.3 (33.8-365.8) | 0.002 | | AST (U/L) | 218 | | 68.6 (40.9-157.0) | 67 | | 112.1 (49.3-338.8) | 0.015 | | ALP (U/L) | 231 | | 123.0 (95.0-171.0) | 73 | | 120.0 (80.5-179.5) | 0.589 | | GGT (U/L) | 231 | | 57.0 (32.0-102.0) | 73 | | 56.0 (30.0-132.0) | 0.569 | | Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 231 | | 6.6 (4.4-9.8) | 73 | | 8.2 (4.9-12.4) | 0.035 | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 231 | | 70.0 (55.0-100.2) | 73 | | 74.7 (59.5-122.0) | 0.245 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | 223 | | 3.9 (3.4-4.3) | 73 | | 4.0 (3.5-4.7) | 0.052 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 231 | | 136.0 (131.7-140.0) | 73 | | 137.0 (130.6-141.0) | 0.652 | | Calcium (mmol/L) | 223 | | 2.2 (2.1-2.3) | 73 | | 2.2 (2.0-2.3) | 0.364 | | Ammonia (μmol/L) | 145 | | 41.0 (28.0-75.5) | 53 | | 67.0 (26.5-119.0) | 0.012 | | PT (second) | 231 | | 19.0 (15.5-26.8) | 73 | | 21.3 (16.6-30.5) | 0.070 | | APTT (second) | 231 | | 52.3 (41.0-70.8) | 73 | | 56.7 (43.3-72.8) | 0.692 | | INR | 231 | | 1.6 (1.3-2.3) | 73 | | 1.9 (1.4-2.6) | 0.061 | | Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) | 231 | 50/109/72 | | 73 | 10/29/34 | | 0.015 | | Child-Pugh score | 231 | | 11.0 (9.0-12.0) | 73 | | 12.0 (11.0-14.0) | <0.001 | | Child-Pugh class (A/B/C) | 231 | 5/59/167 | | 73 | 0/5/68 | | <0.001 | | ALBI score | 231 | | -1.1 (-1.5- (-0.7)) | 73 | | -1.1 (-1.4- (-0.7)) | 0.338 | | ALBI grade (1/2/3) | 231 | 1/82/148 | | 73 | 0/17/56 | | 0.044 | | MELD score | 231 | | 19.0 (14.0-27.0) | 73 | | 21.5 (14.0-27.8) | 0.043 | | MELD-Na score | 231 | | 22.0 (16.0-29.0) | 73 | | 23.0 (16.0-29.0) | 0.069 | | NLR | 231 | | 3.9 (2.4-7.0) | 73 | | 25.0 (18.0-32.0) | 0.015 | | In-hospital mortality | 231 | 32 (13.9) | | 73 | 32 (43.8) | | <0.001 |
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Abbreviations: AIH: autoimmune hepatitis; ALBI: albumin to bilirubin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; DBIL: direct bilirubin; DILI: drug-induced liver injury; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HE: hepatic encephalopathy; IBIL: indirect bilirubin; IQR: interquartile range; INR: international normalized ratio; MELD: model for end-stage liver diseases; MELD-Na: model for end-stage liver diseases-sodium; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PBC: primary biliary cholangitis; PT: prothrombin time; RBC: red blood count; SD: standard deviation; TBIL: total bilirubin; WBC: white blood count. Note: value < 0.05. |
