Research Article
Prediction and Risk Factors for Prognosis of Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy
Table 4
Comparative data of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure versus without acute-on-chronic liver failure.
| | Variable | Patients with ACLF () | Patients without ACLF () | value | | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) | No. of patients () | or no. (%) | Median (IQR) |
| | Gender (male, %) | 133 | 112 (84.2) | | 171 | 130 (76.0) | | 0.953 | | Age (years) | 133 | | 50.0 (41.0-56.0) | 171 | | 53.0 (45.0-62.0) | 0.002 | | Vital signs | | | | | | | | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 | | 116.0 (105.5-127.0) | 171 | | 115.0 (105.0-129.0) | 0.954 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 | | 68.0 (63.0-79.0) | 171 | | 68.0 (61.0-75.0) | 0.296 | | Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 133 | | 86.0 (78.0-92.5) | 171 | | 86.0 (77.0-96.0) | 0.621 | | Etiologies of liver diseases, (%) | 133 | | | 171 | | | 0.061 | | HBV | | 116 (87.2) | | | 83 (48.5) | | | | HCV | | 0 (0) | | | 5 (2.9) | | | | Alcohol | | 5 (3.8) | | | 39 (22.8) | | | | HBV+HCV | | 0 (0) | | | 1 (0.6) | | | | HBV+alcohol | | 6 (4.5) | | | 5 (2.9) | | | | HCV+alcohol | | 0 (0) | | | 3 (1.8) | | | | DILI | | 0 (0) | | | 1 (0.6) | | | | AIH | | 2 (1.5) | | | 3 (1.8) | | | | PBC+AIH | | 1 (0.8) | | | 2 (1.2) | | | | HBV+AIH | | 1 (0.8) | | | 0 (0) | | | | HBV+DILI | | 0 (0) | | | 2 (1.2) | | | | Unknown | | 2 (1.5) | | | 27 (15.8) | | | | Laboratory tests | | | | | | | | | WBC (1012/L) | 133 | | 7.5 (5.2-10.1) | 171 | | 5.3 (3.6-8.6) | <0.001 | | RBC (1012/L) | 133 | | 3.2 (2.7-4.1) | 171 | | 2.8 (2.4-3.4) | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/L) | 133 | | 108.0 (92.0-133.0) | 170 | | 90.0 (75.0-109.0) | <0.001 | | Platelet (109/L) | 133 | | 66.0 (46.5-113.5) | 170 | | 66.0 (44.8-105.0) | 0.747 | | Neutrophil (1012/L) | 133 | | 5.4 (3.3-8.1) | 171 | | 3.4 (2.2-6.3) | <0.001 | | Lymphocyte (1012/L) | 133 | | 1.0 (0.8-1.6) | 171 | | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | 0.001 | | TBIL (μmol/L) | 133 | | 360.6 (222.8-507.8) | 171 | 121.8 ± 148.0 | 58.5 (35.6-126.8) | <0.001 | | DBIL (μmol/L) | 133 | | 216.1 (124.0-300.3) | 170 | | 24.8 (12.5-70.5) | <0.001 | | IBIL (μmol/L) | 133 | | 121.8 (75.6-197.4) | 170 | | 33.1 (19.8-62.7) | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/L) | 133 | | 30.1 (27.2-33.5) | 171 | | 29.6 (25.8-32.6) | 0.075 | | ALT (U/L) | 133 | | 95.0 (49.6-330.7) | 171 | | 30.1 (22.2-61.7) | <0.001 | | AST (U/L) | 124 | | 136.4 (75.7-347.7) | 161 | | 50.0 (36.0-89.4) | <0.001 | | ALP (U/L) | 133 | | 123.0 (101.0-166.0) | 171 | | 121.0 (87.0-176.0) | 0.279 | | GGT (U/L) | 133 | | 67.0 (40.5-107.9) | 171 | | 49.0 (23.0-102.0) | 0.001 | | Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 133 | | 6.1 (4.0-9.7) | 171 | | 7.0 (4.8-11.9) | 0.011 | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 133 | | 68.8 (54.0-97.2) | 171 | | 71.3 (58.1-102.0) | 0.302 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | 133 | | 4.0 (3.5-4.4) | 170 | | 3.9 (3.4-4.4) | 0.960 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 133 | | 136.0 (130.4-139.9) | 171 | | 137.0 (132.5-141.0) | 0.028 | | Calcium (mmol/L) | 128 | | 2.2 (2.1-2.4) | 166 | | 2.1 (2.0-2.3) | 0.158 | | Ammonia (μmol/L) | 79 | | 46.0 (28.0-92.0) | 119 | | 46.0 (28.0-81.0) | 0.799 | | PT (second) | 133 | | 26.4 (21.5-34.8) | 171 | | 16.6 (14.7-19.5) | <0.001 | | APTT (second) | 133 | | 64.0 (52.3-82.7) | 171 | | 45.4 (34.1-56.7) | <0.001 | | INR | 133 | | 2.2 (1.8-3.0) | 171 | | 1.4 (1.3-1.7) | <0.001 | | Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) | 133 | 15/70/48 | | 171 | 45/68/58 | | 0.569 | | Hepatic encephalopathy (grades I-II/grades III-IV) | 133 | 98/35 | | 171 | 133/38 | | 0.635 | | Child-Pugh score | 133 | | 12.0 (11.0-13.0) | 171 | | 10.0 (9.0-12.0) | <0.001 | | Child-Pugh class (A/B/C) | 133 | 1/11/121 | | 171 | 4/53/114 | | 0.209 | | ALBI score | 133 | | -0.9 (-1.2- (-0.7)) | 171 | | -1.3 (-1.7- (-0.9)) | <0.001 | | ALBI grade (1/2/3) | 133 | 1/21/111 | | 171 | 0/78/93 | | 0.694 | | MELD score | 133 | | 27.0 (23.0-31.0) | 171 | | 16.0 (13.0-21.0) | <0.001 | | MELD-Na score | 133 | | 29.0 (24.0-33.0) | 171 | | 18.0 (14.0-23.0) | <0.001 | | NLR | 133 | | 4.7 (2.5-8.0) | 171 | | 3.7 (2.4-7.9) | 0.182 | | In-hospital mortality | 133 | 38 (28.6) | | 171 | 26 (15.2) | | 0.878 |
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Abbreviations: ACLF: acute-on-chronic liver failure; AIH: autoimmune hepatitis; ALBI: albumin to bilirubin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; DBIL: direct bilirubin; DILI: drug-induced liver injury; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; IBIL: indirect bilirubin; IQR: interquartile range; INR: international normalized ratio; MELD: model for end-stage liver diseases; MELD-Na: model for end-stage liver diseases-sodium; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PBC: primary biliary cholangitis; PT: prothrombin time; RBC: red blood count; SD: standard deviation; TBIL: total bilirubin; WBC: white blood count. Note: value < 0.05. |
