| Disease types | Alterations of gut microbiota | Altered substances caused by microbial dysbiosis | Application level of FMT | References |
| Neurological diseases | Parkinson’s disease | Increase in Verrucomicrobiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Proteobacteria, Clostridiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lactobacilli, Akkermansia, Ralstonia Decrease in Firmicutes, Prevotellaceae, Coprococcus, Bacteroides fragilis, Blauti, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium | α-Synuclein, LPS, SCFAs, hydrogen production | Patient & animal | [4, 13, 14] | Alzheimer’s disease | Increase in Escherichia, Shigella, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, Burkholderiaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Propionibacterium acnes Decrease in Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides fragilis | Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CXCL2, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-10), Aβ, GABA, BDNF, DHA | Patient & animal | [5, 6, 13, 15] | Multiple sclerosis | Increase in Firmicutes, Clostridium, Escherichia Shigella Decrease in Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium rectale, Corynebacterium, Fusobacteria | Proinflammatory cytokines, butyrate, lipid 654 | Patient & animal | [13] | Epilepsy | Increase in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Clostridium, Cronobacter, Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Coprobacillus, Clostridium XVIII, Atopobium, Holdemania, Dorea, Saccharibacteria, Delftia, Paraprevotella, Gemmiger, Neisseria, Coprococcus, Fusobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia Decrease in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium | Proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β), dopamine receptors D1 and D2 | Patient & animal | [16, 17] | Tourette Syndrome | Increase in Bacteroidetes; in particular, Bacteroides, Odoribacter, and Oscillospira were identified as potential microbial biomarkers | SCFAs, D-alanine, tyrosine, dopamine | Patient & animal | [18] | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Increase in Roseburia, Holdemania, Enterococcus, Streptococcus spp. Decrease in most Bacteroidetes genera. | Lactic acid, LPS, LPS-binding protein, soluble CD14, oxidative stress | Patient & animal | [19–21] | Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Campylobacter jejuni infection is associated with GBS while Enterococcus faecalis as a potential protective role | LPS, peripheral nerve gangliosides | Animal | [22, 23] | Stroke | Decreased neuronal injury and improved cognitive performance were observed in diabetic mice with bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion after receiving Clostridium butyricum | Trimethylamine N-oxide | Animal | [24, 25] | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Increase in Dorea Decrease in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Firmicutes, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Oscillibacter, Anaerostipes, Lachnospira | Butyrate | Animal | [26–28] | Huntington’s disease | Increase in Bacteroidetes Decrease in Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansiaceae | Methionine, glycine | Animal | [29, 30] | Psychiatric diseases | Autism spectrum disorder | Increase in Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Clostridium, Roseburia Decrease in Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Streptococcus | Butyrate, lactate | Patient & animal | [31–33] | Bipolar disorder | Increase in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteria, Lachnospira, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavonifractor Decrease in Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus | Butyrate | Patient & animal | [34–37] | Depression | Increase in Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotella, Klebsiella, Alistipes Decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, Dialister, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium | Butyrate, inflammatory cytokines | Patient & animal | [36, 38, 39] | Anxiety | Increase in Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus, Escherichia Shigella Decrease in Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, Sutterella | | Animal | [40, 41] | Other system-related neurological diseases | Hepatic encephalopathy | Increases in Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Enterococcaceae Decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Clostridium XIV, Phascolarctobacterium | Ammonia, urease, SCFAs, aromatic amino acids | Patient & Animal | [42, 43] | Neuropathic pain | Associated: Lactobacillus fermentum KBL374 & KBL375, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Corynebacterium glutamicum, Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium sporogenes | LPS, bacterial flagellin, indole, SCFAs, PUFAs, BAs | Patient & animal | [44] | Sepsis-associated encephalopathy | Associated: absence of anaerobes, including Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli, with CDI, high relative abundance of pathogenic gram negatives, and Enterococci | LPS, SCFAs, BAs | Patient & animal | [45] |
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