Disease type Studies Study type Location Age Sex Complication Administration route FMT frequency Donor Clinical outcome Neurological diseases Parkinson’s disease Huang et al. [49 ] Case report 1 China 71 M PD, constipation TET tube (colon) 3 times Healthy volunteer Constipation cured, PD symptoms relieved for 2 months Alzheimer’s disease Hazan [50 ] Case report 1 USA 82 M AD, rCDI Colonoscopy Once His wife MMSE score increased from 20 to 29 Multiple sclerosis Borody et al. [51 ] Case series 3 Australia 30/29/80 M/M/F MS, constipation, vertigo, impaired concentration/MS, constipation/MS, constipation, proctalgia fugax, difficulty in walking NA 5 FMTs/10 FMTs/5 FMTs NA Constipation resoluted, MS improved, 15 years post-FMT without relapse/constipation resolved, neurological symptoms improved, 3 years maintained normal motor/bowel symptoms resoluted, neurological improved Makkawi et al. [52 ] Case report 1 Canada 61 F MS, rCDI Enema Once Her partner rCDI resolved, prevented MS progression for over 10 years Epilepsy He et al. [53 ] Case report 1 China 22 F Epilepsy, CD TET tube (colon) 3 times Healthy volunteer Seizure-free without antiepileptic drugs, decreasing CDAI to 104 points after 12 months and maintained until the end of 20-month follow-up Tourette Syndrome Zhao et al. [54 ] Case report 1 China 9 M TS Gastroscope & colonoscopy Once Healthy volunteer YGTSS-total tic score decreased from 31 to 5, motor severity score fell from 16 to 5, vocal severity score fell from 15 to 0, shifting from severe to mild Ding et al. [55 ] Open-label clinical trial 11 China M TS TET tube (nasojejunal) 3 times Healthy volunteer 45.5% (5/11), 45.5% (5/11) and 36.4% (4/11) of patients achieved improvement (≥30% reduction in YGTSS-total tic score) at week 1, week 4, and week 8 post-FMT, respectively. GTS-QoL score decreased at week 8 post-FMT Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome Borody et al. [56 ] Larger cohort study 60 Australia 36 F, 24 M CFS (52 with IBS, 4 with constipation) Single TC infusion ( Once/twice/3 times 13 nonpathogenic enteric bacteria from healthy individual 35/60 patients responded after single FMT while7 patients responded after secondary FMT, giving a total of 42/60 improved patients Psychiatric diseases Autism spectrum disorder Ward et al. [57 ] Case series 9 Canada NA ASD Capsules & enema Twice Healthy volunteer ASD symptoms were not changed in the 21-year-old subject, while markedly improving in 1 of two 8-year-old subjects Zhao et al. [58 ] Open-label, randomized waitlist-controlled trial 48 China NA NA ASD Gastroscope & colonoscopy Twice Healthy volunteer CARS score in the FMT group showed a statistically 10.8% decrease compared to a 0.8% decrease in the waitlist group after the first FMT and remained marginally reduced after the second FMT Kang et al. [32 ] Open-label clinical trial 18 USA 7 to 16 years NA ASD Oral vs. enema For 7–8 weeks Healthy volunteer 80% reduction of GI symptoms post-FMT, ASD symptoms improved significantly and remained improved 8 weeks post-FMT Kang et al. [32 ] Follow-up of a clinical trial 18 USA 7 to 16 years NA ASD Oral vs. enema For 7–8 weeks Healthy volunteer Two years post-FMT, most GI symptom improvements continued, and autism-related symptoms improved even more Bipolar disorder Hinton [59 ] Case report 1 Australia 33 F BD NA 9 FMTs over a period of 2 months Her husband Symptom-free from depression Depression Cai et al. [60 ] Case report 1 China 79 F MDD Gastroscope Once Her grandson PHQ-9 scores improved Other system-related neurological diseases Hepatic encephalopathy Kao et al. [61 ] Case report 1 Canada 57 M Liver cirrhosis, HE Colonoscopy & enema 5 FMTs Healthy volunteer Stoop test, serum ammonia, and quality of life all significantly improved; appetite, alertness and overall well-being improved Bajaj et al. [62 ] Open-label, randomized clinical trial 20 USA M Liver cirrhosis, HE Enema Once Healthy volunteer Significantly improved in PHES total score and EncephalApp Stroop in the FMT group Bajaj et al. [63 ] A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled trial 20 USA 16 M, 4 F Liver cirrhosis, HE Capsules 15 capsules of FMT/placebo Healthy volunteer EncephalApp improved Neuropathic pain Cai et al. [64 ] Case report 1 China 46 F Diabetic neuropathy Colonoscopy Twice Healthy volunteer The glycemic control improved, with a remarkable relief of the symptoms of painful DN Sepsis Li et al. [65 ] Case report 1 China 29 F Bacteremia, shock Nasoduodenal tube Once Healthy volunteer Fever went down, and the stool output had a marked reduction Li et al. [66 ] Case report 1 China 44 F Shock, respiratory failure, AKI Nasoduodenal tube Once Healthy volunteer Patient’s septic symptoms and severe diarrhea were successfully controlled Wei et al. [67 ] Case report 2 China 65/84 M Shock, respiratory failure, bacteremia, AKI Nasoduodenal tube Once Healthy volunteer MODS and severe diarrhea were alleviated in both patients Gopalsamy et al. [68 ] Case report 1 Georgia 57 M MDRO infection, respiratory failure PEG tube Once NA Death (not due to FMT)
