Jaundice on Presentation Is Associated with Higher In-Patient Mortality and Complications in Patients Admitted for Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Study Based on National Inpatient Sample Database

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of the two groups.

Characteristics	Pancreatitis with jaundice	Pancreatitis without jaundice	-value for CI 99%
Age			<0.0001
Mean years (mean ± SD)
Gender			<0.0001
Male	59.1%	52.3%
Female	40.9%	47.7%
*Missing—475
Age groups (years)			<0.0001
18–44	23.7%	30.6%
45–64	38.2%	42.9%
65–84	32%	22.3%
≥85	6.1%	4.1%
Race			<0.0001
Caucasians	67.4%	61.9%
African Americans	9.6%	16.8%
Others	23%	21.3%
*Missing—10
Insurance type			<0.0001
Medicare	40.9%	36.3%
Medicaid	17.2%	24.3%
Private	31.8%	27.9%
Other	9.9%	11.4%
*Missing—75
Elixhauser comorbidities
Congestive heart failure	8.2%	7.4%	0.003
Peripheral vascular disease	3.3%	3.6%	0.25
Paralysis	1.1%	1.5%	0.001
Other neurological disorders	4.9%	6.8%	<0.0001
Chronic pulmonary disease	10.5%	16.5%	<0.0001
Hypertension	49.1%	53.1%	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	20.8%	27.1%	<0.0001
Hypothyroidism	7.2%	8.5%	<0.0001
Renal failure	8.3%	10.7%	<0.0001
Liver disease	8.6%	15.2%	<0.0001
Peptic ulcer disease chronic	2.6%	1.9%	<0.0001
Metastatic cancer	3.8%	1.5%	<0.0001
Solid tumor w/out metastasis	3.9%	1.7%	<0.0001
Coagulopathy	13.4%	8.9%	<0.0001
Weight loss	12.3%	9.8%	<0.0001
Fluid and electrolyte disorders	42.9%	39.9%	<0.0001
Chronic blood loss anemia	0.8%	0.7%	0.65
Deficiency anemias	17.7%	15.9%	<0.0001
Alcohol abuse	16.9%	23.7%	<0.0001
Drug abuse	3.3%	6.2%	<0.0001
Depression	7.1%	13.8%	<0.0001
Liver cancer	1.9%	0.4%	<0.0001
Pancreatic cancer	4.9%	1.2%	<0.0001
Age of diagnosis (pancreatic cancer patients)
Cholangiocarcinoma	1.5%	0.1%	<0.0001
Smoking	32.7%	37.9%	<0.0001
Antibiotic use	0.2%	0.3%	0.05
Biliary stone	36.2%	16.7%	<0.0001
ERCP	4.3%0	0.9%	<0.0001
Endoscopic sphincterotomy	2.2%	0.2%	<0.0001
Percutaneous cholecystostomy	1.2%	0.3%	<0.0001
Cholecystectomy	19.5%	11.2%	<0.0001
Admission type			0.01
Emergent	93.7%	94.3%
Elective	6.3%	5.7%
*Missing—2880
Hospital ownership/control			<0.0001
Rural	7.8%	10%
Urban nonteaching	26.3%	26.6%
Urban teaching	65.9%	63.4%