Characteristics and Health Service Use of a Longitudinal Cohort of Carers Aged over 45 in Central and Eastern Sydney, Australia

Table 1

Characteristics of carers and non-carers among 45 and Up Study participants, Central and Eastern Sydney.

	N	Carer, n(%)	Crude PR (95% CI)	Adj. (age and sex) PR (95% CI)^1	Adj. (all covariates) PR (95% CI)^2
Age at baseline
45–59	14265	1564 (11.0)	1		1
60–74	9284	1088 (11.7)	1.07 (0.99, 1.15)		0.86 (0.77, 0.96)
75–84	4636	543 (11.7)	1.07 (0.97, 1.18)		0.81 (0.69, 0.95)
85+	1304	176 (13.5)	1.23 (1.05, 1.43)		0.93 (0.73, 1.19)
Sex
Male	14142	1307 (9.2)	1		1
Female	15347	2064 (13.4)	1.46 (1.36, 1.56)		1.51 (1.37, 1.65)
Household income
<$20,000	4699	756 (16.1)	1	1	1
$20,000–39,999	3882	492 (12.7)	0.79 (0.70, 0.88)	0.79 (0.70, 0.88)	0.91 (0.78, 1.05)
$40,000–69,999	4945	514 (10.4)	0.65 (0.58, 0.72)	0.63 (0.56, 0.71)	0.80 (0.68, 0.93)
$70,000 or more	10051	879 (8.7)	0.54 (0.49, 0.60)	0.53 (0.48, 0.59)	0.68 (0.58, 0.80)
Will not disclose	5912	730 (12.3)	0.77 (0.69, 0.85)	0.73 (0.66, 0.81)	0.81 (0.70, 0.93)
Highest education
No school certificate or other qualification	2322	315 (13.6)	1	1	1
School or intermediate certificate	5089	625 (12.3)	0.91 (0.79, 1.04)	0.89 (0.77, 1.02)	0.95 (0.80, 1.14)
Higher school or leaving certificate	3306	359 (10.9)	0.80 (0.69, 0.93)	0.84 (0.72, 0.98)	0.93 (0.76, 1.13)
Trade or apprenticeship	2653	298 (11.2)	0.83 (0.71, 0.97)	0.97 (0.82, 1.14)	0.89 (0.71, 1.10)
Certificate or diploma	5604	673 (12.0)	0.89 (0.78, 1.01)	0.93 (0.81, 1.06)	1.06 (0.89, 1.26)
University degree or higher	10092	1054 (10.4)	0.77 (0.68, 0.87)	0.83 (0.73, 0.95)	1.04 (0.87, 1.24)
Work status
Not working	12950	1722 (13.3)	1	1	1
Part time	5735	715 (12.5)	0.94 (0.86, 1.02)	0.81 (0.74, 0.90)	0.91 (0.81, 1.03)
Full time	10353	843 (8.1)	0.61 (0.56, 0.66)	0.55 (0.49, 0.61)	0.73 (0.64, 0.83)
Married
No	8999	924 (10.3)	1	1	1
Yes	20316	2425 (11.9)	1.16 (1.08, 1.25)	1.29 (1.19, 1.39)	1.34 (1.22, 1.49)
Speaks language other than English at home
No	23795	2559 (10.8)	1	1	1
Yes	5694	812 (14.3)	1.33 (1.22, 1.43)	1.34 (1.24, 1.45)	1.44 (1.27, 1.64)
Born in Australia
No	10429	1138 (10.9)	1	1	1
Yes	18836	2197 (11.7)	1.07 (1.00, 1.15)	1.06 (0.98, 1.13)	1.38 (1.24, 1.54)
Current smoker
No	27538	3107 (11.3)	1	1	1
Yes	1951	264 (13.5)	1.20 (1.06, 1.36)	1.25 (1.10, 1.41)	1.23 (1.05, 1.43)
Adequate physical activity
No	9126	1028 (11.3)	1	1	1
Yes	20363	2343 (11.5)	1.02 (0.95, 1.10)	1.04 (0.96, 1.12)	1.16 (1.05, 1.28)
Alcohol consumption
No	8867	1206 (13.6)	1	1	1
Yes	20019	2073 (10.4)	0.76 (0.71, 0.82)	0.82 (0.76, 0.88)	0.93 (0.85, 1.02)
Ever had high blood pressure
No	19619	2176 (11.1)	1	1	1
Yes	9870	1195 (12.1)	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)	1.10 (1.02, 1.18)	1.03 (0.94, 1.13)
Ever had diabetes
No	27140	3074 (11.3)	1	1	1
Yes	2349	297 (12.6)	1.12 (0.99, 1.26)	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)	0.89 (0.75, 1.05)
Ever had asthma
No	22687	2647 (11.7)	1	1	1
Yes	3466	421 (12.1)	1.04 (0.94, 1.15)	1.02 (0.92, 1.13)	1.02 (0.90, 1.16)
Ever had depression
No	21924	2482 (11.3)	1	1	1
Yes	3931	568 (14.4)	1.28 (1.16, 1.40)	1.23 (1.12, 1.35)	1.05 (0.93, 1.19)
Ever had anxiety
No	23001	2605 (11.3)	1	1	1
Yes	2854	445 (15.6)	1.38 (1.24, 1.52)	1.33 (1.20, 1.47)	1.16 (1.01, 1.33)
Ever had any type of cancer
No	19865	2227 (11.2)	1	1	1
Yes	9624	1144 (11.9)	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)	1.06 (0.98, 1.14)	1.09 (0.99, 1.19)
Ever had heart disease
No	25907	2905 (11.2)	1	1	1
Yes	3582	466 (13.0)	1.16 (1.05, 1.28)	1.20 (1.08, 1.33)	1.16 (1.02, 1.32)
Ever had stroke
No	28589	3246 (11.4)	1	1	1
Yes	900	125 (13.9)	1.22 (1.02, 1.46)	1.21 (1.00, 1.44)	0.98 (0.75, 1.26)
Self-reported good quality of life
No	2993	555 (18.5)	1	1	1
Yes	25428	2669 (10.5)	0.57 (0.52, 0.62)	0.57 (0.52, 0.62)	0.65 (0.57, 0.75)
Psychological distress
Low	24484	2576 (10.5)	1	1	1
High	2112	354 (16.8)	1.59 (1.42, 1.78)	1.56 (1.39, 1.74)	1.17 (1.01, 1.35)
Needing help with daily activity
No	27151	3035 (11.2)	1	1	1
Yes	1469	194 (13.2)	1.18 (1.02, 1.36)	1.08 (0.93, 1.26)	0.69 (0.55, 0.85)

Note. ¹PRs were adjusted only for age and sex. ²PRs were adjusted for all other variables in the table; PRs bolded if significantly higher and italicised if significantly lower.