Exploring the Differences in Social Care Needs by the Degree of Obesity among Older Adults in England: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Cross-tabulation to determine social care received.

Variables	Social care received
	Informal				Formal
	None		At least one		None		At least one
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
BMI
Normal	1345	29.1	292	28.7	1536	28.7	100	34.7
Overweight	1382	29.9	287	28.2	1600	29.9	69	24.0
Moderate obesity	1048	22.7	215	21.2	1204	22.5	59	20.6
Severe obesity	557	12.1	117	11.5	645	12.1	28	9.8
Morbid obesity	283	6.1	105	10.3	356	6.7	31	10.8
Total	4615	82.0	1016	18.0	5341	94.9	287	5.1
Respondents	5631				5631
value	0.001				0.004
	χ ^2 = 23.30				χ ^2 = 15.16
Age
50–60	1246	27.0	101	9.9	1333	24.9	14	4.9
61–70	1876	40.6	287	28.2	2106	39.3	57	19.8
71–80	1115	24.1	298	29.3	1327	24.8	86	29.9
81+	386	8.3	331	32.5	586	10.9	131	45.5
Total	4623	82.0	1017	18.0	5352	94.9	288	5.1
Respondents	5640				5640
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 527.20				χ ^2 = 332.46
Gender
Female	2199	47.6	650	63.9	2662	49.7	187	64.7
Male	2424	52.4	367	36.1	2690	50.3	102	35.3
Total	4623	82.0	1017	18.0	5352	94.9	289	5.1
Respondents	5640				5641
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 89.11				χ ^2 = 24.57
Marital status
Married	3131	67.8	558	54.9	3584	67.0	105	36.3
Unmarried/others	1490	32.2	458	45.1	1764	33.0	184	63.7
Total	4621	82.0	1016	18.0	5348	94.9	289	5.1
Respondents	5637				5637
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 60.67				χ ^2 = 114.14
Coresidents
None	995	21.5	357	35.1	1189	22.2	164	56.9
At least one	3628	78.5	660	64.9	4163	77.8	124	43.1
Total	4623	82.0	1017	18.0	5352	94.9	288	5.1
Respondents	5640				5640
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 84.36				χ ^2 = 180.762
Smoking
No	2408	84.8	607	83.8	2836	84.5	178	87.3
Yes	430	15.2	117	16.2	521	15.5	26	12.7
Total	2838	79.7	724	20.3	3357	94.3	204	5.7
Respondents	3562				3561
value	0.502				0.286
	χ ^2 = 0.45				χ ^2 = 1.14
Alcohol
None/rarely	1687	40.5	516	61.3	2072	43.4	131	56.7
Frequently/daily	2480	59.5	326	38.7	2705	56.6	100	43.3
Total	4167	83.2	842	16.8	4777	95.4	231	4.6
Respondents	5009				5008
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 122.98				χ ^2 = 15.90
Education
Never/≤14	213	4.6	190	18.7	331	6.2	71	24.7
15–18	3403	73.6	722	71.0	3944	73.7	181	62.8
≥19/not yet finished	1006	21.8	105	10.3	1075	20.1	36	12.5
Total	4622	82.0	1017	18.0	5350	94.9	288	5.1
Respondents	5639				5638
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 287.21				χ ^2 = 143.11
Employment
Retired/unemployed	2929	63.9	937	92.8	3587	67.6	279	96.5
Employed	1657	36.1	73	7.2	1720	32.4	10	3.5
Total	4586	82.0	1010	18.0	5307	94.8	289	5.2
Respondents	5596				5596
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 323.77				χ ^2 = 107.55
ADL disability
None	4267	92.3	414	40.7	4562	85.2	119	41.3
At least one	356	7.7	603	59.3	790	14.8	169	58.7
Total	4623	82.0	1018	18.0	5352	94.9	288	5.1
Respondents	5640				5640
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 1572.25				χ ^2 = 373.55
IADL disability
None	4245	91.8	266	26.1	4454	83.2	57	19.7
At least one	378	8.2	752	73.9	898	16.8	232	80.3
Total	4623	82.0	1018	18.0	5352	94.9	289	5.1
Respondents	5641
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 2247.54				χ ^2 = 1572.25
Self-rated general health status
Excellent	630	13.6	18	1.8	645	12.1	3	1.0
Very good	1563	33.8	72	7.1	1605	30.0	30	10.5
Good	1560	33.8	253	24.9	1737	32.5	76	26.5
Fair	702	15.2	364	35.8	967	18.1	98	34.1
Poor	167	3.6	310	30.5	397	7.4	80	27.9
Total	4622	82.0	1017	18.0	5351	94.9	287	5.1
Respondents	5639				5638
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 1226.59				χ ^2 = 232.60
Self-reported long-standing illness
No	2451	53.0	102	10.0	2520	47.1	33	11.4
Yes	2171	47.0	916	90.0	2831	52.9	256	88.6
Total	4622	82.0	1018	18.0	5351	94.9	289	5.1
Respondents	5640				5640
value	0.001				0.001
	χ ^2 = 622.87				χ ^2 = 140.85