Research Article
Exploring the Differences in Social Care Needs by the Degree of Obesity among Older Adults in England: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Cross-tabulation to determine social care received.
| Variables | Social care received | Informal | Formal | None | At least one | None | At least one | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
| BMI | Normal | 1345 | 29.1 | 292 | 28.7 | 1536 | 28.7 | 100 | 34.7 | Overweight | 1382 | 29.9 | 287 | 28.2 | 1600 | 29.9 | 69 | 24.0 | Moderate obesity | 1048 | 22.7 | 215 | 21.2 | 1204 | 22.5 | 59 | 20.6 | Severe obesity | 557 | 12.1 | 117 | 11.5 | 645 | 12.1 | 28 | 9.8 | Morbid obesity | 283 | 6.1 | 105 | 10.3 | 356 | 6.7 | 31 | 10.8 | Total | 4615 | 82.0 | 1016 | 18.0 | 5341 | 94.9 | 287 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5631 | 5631 | value | 0.001 | 0.004 | χ 2 = 23.30 | χ 2 = 15.16 | Age | 50–60 | 1246 | 27.0 | 101 | 9.9 | 1333 | 24.9 | 14 | 4.9 | 61–70 | 1876 | 40.6 | 287 | 28.2 | 2106 | 39.3 | 57 | 19.8 | 71–80 | 1115 | 24.1 | 298 | 29.3 | 1327 | 24.8 | 86 | 29.9 | 81+ | 386 | 8.3 | 331 | 32.5 | 586 | 10.9 | 131 | 45.5 | Total | 4623 | 82.0 | 1017 | 18.0 | 5352 | 94.9 | 288 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5640 | 5640 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 527.20 | χ 2 = 332.46 | Gender | Female | 2199 | 47.6 | 650 | 63.9 | 2662 | 49.7 | 187 | 64.7 | Male | 2424 | 52.4 | 367 | 36.1 | 2690 | 50.3 | 102 | 35.3 | Total | 4623 | 82.0 | 1017 | 18.0 | 5352 | 94.9 | 289 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5640 | 5641 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 89.11 | χ 2 = 24.57 | Marital status | Married | 3131 | 67.8 | 558 | 54.9 | 3584 | 67.0 | 105 | 36.3 | Unmarried/others | 1490 | 32.2 | 458 | 45.1 | 1764 | 33.0 | 184 | 63.7 | Total | 4621 | 82.0 | 1016 | 18.0 | 5348 | 94.9 | 289 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5637 | 5637 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 60.67 | χ 2 = 114.14 | Coresidents | None | 995 | 21.5 | 357 | 35.1 | 1189 | 22.2 | 164 | 56.9 | At least one | 3628 | 78.5 | 660 | 64.9 | 4163 | 77.8 | 124 | 43.1 | Total | 4623 | 82.0 | 1017 | 18.0 | 5352 | 94.9 | 288 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5640 | 5640 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 84.36 | χ 2 = 180.762 | Smoking | No | 2408 | 84.8 | 607 | 83.8 | 2836 | 84.5 | 178 | 87.3 | Yes | 430 | 15.2 | 117 | 16.2 | 521 | 15.5 | 26 | 12.7 | Total | 2838 | 79.7 | 724 | 20.3 | 3357 | 94.3 | 204 | 5.7 | Respondents | 3562 | 3561 | value | 0.502 | 0.286 | χ 2 = 0.45 | χ 2 = 1.14 | Alcohol | None/rarely | 1687 | 40.5 | 516 | 61.3 | 2072 | 43.4 | 131 | 56.7 | Frequently/daily | 2480 | 59.5 | 326 | 38.7 | 2705 | 56.6 | 100 | 43.3 | Total | 4167 | 83.2 | 842 | 16.8 | 4777 | 95.4 | 231 | 4.6 | Respondents | 5009 | 5008 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 122.98 | χ 2 = 15.90 | Education | Never/≤14 | 213 | 4.6 | 190 | 18.7 | 331 | 6.2 | 71 | 24.7 | 15–18 | 3403 | 73.6 | 722 | 71.0 | 3944 | 73.7 | 181 | 62.8 | ≥19/not yet finished | 1006 | 21.8 | 105 | 10.3 | 1075 | 20.1 | 36 | 12.5 | Total | 4622 | 82.0 | 1017 | 18.0 | 5350 | 94.9 | 288 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5639 | 5638 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 287.21 | χ 2 = 143.11 | Employment | Retired/unemployed | 2929 | 63.9 | 937 | 92.8 | 3587 | 67.6 | 279 | 96.5 | Employed | 1657 | 36.1 | 73 | 7.2 | 1720 | 32.4 | 10 | 3.5 | Total | 4586 | 82.0 | 1010 | 18.0 | 5307 | 94.8 | 289 | 5.2 | Respondents | 5596 | 5596 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 323.77 | χ 2 = 107.55 | ADL disability | None | 4267 | 92.3 | 414 | 40.7 | 4562 | 85.2 | 119 | 41.3 | At least one | 356 | 7.7 | 603 | 59.3 | 790 | 14.8 | 169 | 58.7 | Total | 4623 | 82.0 | 1018 | 18.0 | 5352 | 94.9 | 288 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5640 | 5640 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 1572.25 | χ 2 = 373.55 | IADL disability | None | 4245 | 91.8 | 266 | 26.1 | 4454 | 83.2 | 57 | 19.7 | At least one | 378 | 8.2 | 752 | 73.9 | 898 | 16.8 | 232 | 80.3 | Total | 4623 | 82.0 | 1018 | 18.0 | 5352 | 94.9 | 289 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5641 | | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 2247.54 | χ 2 = 1572.25 | Self-rated general health status | Excellent | 630 | 13.6 | 18 | 1.8 | 645 | 12.1 | 3 | 1.0 | Very good | 1563 | 33.8 | 72 | 7.1 | 1605 | 30.0 | 30 | 10.5 | Good | 1560 | 33.8 | 253 | 24.9 | 1737 | 32.5 | 76 | 26.5 | Fair | 702 | 15.2 | 364 | 35.8 | 967 | 18.1 | 98 | 34.1 | Poor | 167 | 3.6 | 310 | 30.5 | 397 | 7.4 | 80 | 27.9 | Total | 4622 | 82.0 | 1017 | 18.0 | 5351 | 94.9 | 287 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5639 | 5638 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 1226.59 | χ 2 = 232.60 | Self-reported long-standing illness | No | 2451 | 53.0 | 102 | 10.0 | 2520 | 47.1 | 33 | 11.4 | Yes | 2171 | 47.0 | 916 | 90.0 | 2831 | 52.9 | 256 | 88.6 | Total | 4622 | 82.0 | 1018 | 18.0 | 5351 | 94.9 | 289 | 5.1 | Respondents | 5640 | 5640 | value | 0.001 | 0.001 | χ 2 = 622.87 | χ 2 = 140.85 |
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