Health & Social Care in the Community

Research Article

Relationship between Anemia and Academic Performance in Chinese Primary School Students: Evidence from a Large National Survey

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis regarding the association between anemia and academic performance by total, sex and age group (China, 2018).

Group

Average test score

Chinese test score

Mathematics test score

English test score

Model

β (95% CI)

Model

β (95% CI)

Model

β (95% CI)

Model

β (95% CI)

Total

Model 1^a

−3.29 (−4.64, −1.94)

<0.001

Model 4^a

−3.20 (−4.73, −1.66)

<0.001

Model 7^a

−2.85 (−4.37, −1.32)

<0.001

Model 10^a

−3.55 (−5.20, −1.91)

<0.001

Model 2^b

−2.22 (−3.57, −0.87)

0.001

Model 5^b

−2.09 (−3.61, −0.57)

0.007

Model 8^b

−1.86 (−3.40, −0.31)

0.018

Model 11^b

−2.38 (−4.03, −0.73)

0.005

Model 3^c

−1.96 (−3.37, −0.55)

0.007

Model 6^c

−1.98 (−3.61, −0.35)

0.017

Model 9^c

−1.88 (−3.57, −0.18)

0.030

Model 12^c

−1.92 (−3.72, −0.12)

0.036

Male

Model 1

−2.95 (−4.89, −1.01)

0.003

Model 4

−2.94 (−5.13, −0.75)

0.008

Model 7

−1.09 (−3.24, 1.06)

0.321

Model 10

−3.99 (−6.35, −1.62)

0.001

Model 2

−1.35 (−3.30, 0.61)

0.177

Model 5

−1.31 (−3.53, 0.90)

0.245

Model 8

0.22 (−1.96, 2.39)

0.846

Model 11

−2.05 (−4.45, 0.35)

0.094

Model 3

−1.45 (−3.54, 0.64)

0.173

Model 6

−1.41 (−3.84, 1.02)

0.255

Model 9

−0.40 (−2.83, 2.03)

0.746

Model 12

−1.90 (−4.56, 0.75)

0.160

Female

Model 1

−3.77 (−5.60, −1.95)

<0.001

Model 4

−3.64 (−5.68, −1.60)

<0.001

Model 7

−4.74 (−6.90, −2.59)

<0.001

Model 10

−3.20 (−5.42, −0.98)

0.005

Model 2

−3.18 (−5.02, −1.33)

0.001

Model 5

−2.98 (−5.04, −0.92)

0.005

Model 8

−4.05 (−6.23, −1.87)

<0.001

Model 11

−2.80 (−5.04, −0.55)

0.015

Model 3

−2.58 (−4.49, −0.68)

0.008

Model 6

−2.96 (−5.14, −0.77)

0.008

Model 9

−3.31 (−5.69, −0.93)

0.006

Model 12

−2.03 (−4.45, 0.39)

0.100

10 years

Model 1

−2.97 (−4.82, −1.13)

0.002

Model 4

−3.58 (−5.68, −1.47)

0.001

Model 7

−2.72 (−4.80, −0.64)

0.010

Model 10

−2.65 (−4.91, −0.39)

0.021

Model 2

−1.32 (−3.16, 0.53)

0.162

Model 5

−1.87 (−3.96, 0.22)

0.079

Model 8

−1.30 (−3.41, 0.81)

0.228

Model 11

−0.85 (−3.12, 1.42)

0.461

Model 3

−0.89 (−2.85, 1.06)

0.371

Model 6

−1.77 (−4.04, 0.49)

0.125

Model 9

−0.89 (−3.24, 1.46)

0.460

Model 12

−0.02 (−2.52, 2.48)

0.985

11 years

Model 1

−3.65 (−5.62, −1.68)

<0.001

Model 4

−2.81 (−5.04, −0.59)

0.013

Model 7

−3.00 (−5.23, −0.77)

0.008

Model 10

−4.56 (−6.95, −2.16)

<0.001

Model 2

−3.06 (−5.02, −1.09)

0.002

Model 5

−2.25 (−4.45, −0.04)

0.046

Model 8

−2.35 (−4.60, −0.10)

0.040

Model 11

−3.86 (−6.26, −1.46)

0.002

Model 3

−2.84 (−4.90, −0.79)

0.007

Model 6

−1.98 (−4.34, 0.39)

0.102

Model 9

−2.96 (−5.42, −0.49)

0.019

Model 12

−3.45 (−6.06, −0.84)

0.010

^aModel 1, 4, 7, 10: univariate analysis. ^bModel 2, 5, 8, 11: adjusted for sex, age, Hukou type, only child, and self-assessed economic status. ^cModel 3, 6, 9, 12: adjusted for additional variables (highest educational qualification of parents, number of books in the family, parents’ educational expectations, learning pressure score, good relationships with other students, and teacher-student relationship score) and school-level fix effects.