Evidence for Vertical Transmission of HPV from Mothers to Infants

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and risk factors for HPV DNA positivity among mothers (n = 333).

Characteristic	𝑁(%HPV+)^1,2	Adjusted OR
		95%  CI^3
Age
≤24	39/81 (48.1)	4.2	(2.2–7.8)
25–29	42/110 (29.1)	2.1	(1.1–3.8)
≥30	28/142 (19.7)	reference	—
Race
White	83/281 (29.5)	reference	—
Other	16/52 (30.8)	1.2	(0.6–2.4)
Education
≤12	37/78 (47.4)	3.4	(1.8–6.7)
13–16	39/142 (27.5)	1.3	(0.7–2.5)
≥17	23/113 (20.4)	reference	—
Age first intercourse
<20	88/258 (34.1)	1.9	(0.9–4.1)
≥20	11/75 (14.7)	reference	—
Number of partners
1-2	15/105 (14.3)	reference	—
≥3	83/225 (36.9)	3.1	(1.7–5.8)
Parity
1-2	56/193 (29.0)	reference	—
≥3	43/140 (30.7)	1.0	(0.6–1.6)
OC Use
Never	16/44 (36.4)	reference	—
Ever	83/289 (28.7)	0.5	(0.2–1.02)
Smoking
Never	51/220 (23.2)	reference	—
Ever	48/113 (42.5)	1.8	(1.04–3.0)
Alcohol
Never	66/210 (31.4)	reference	—
Ever	33/123 (26.8)	0.6	(0.3–0.96)
HPV-related disease
Never	62/244 (25.4)	reference	—
Genital warts	15/39 (38.5)	1.4	(0.7–2.8)
Cervical dysplasia	30/71 (42.3)	1.8	(0.98–3.1)
Cervical cancer	4/5 (80.0)	8.0	(0.9–73.4)
Pap smear
WNL	57/219 (26.0)	reference	—
ASCUS	12/42 (28.6)	0.8	(0.4–1.8)
L-SIL	30/71 (42.3)	1.1	(0.4–3.3)
HPV VLP
HPV−	57/225 (25.3)	reference	—
HPV+^4	42/108 (38.9)	1.3	(0.8–2.2)

¹HPV DNA types include HPV-6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 69, 70, 83, 84, other/unnamed types; ²Based on HPV+ in cervical/genital and/or oral samples; ³adjusted for number of sexual partners and history of an HPV-related disease; ⁴HPV-HR VLP types HPV-16, 18, 31, 33.