Malaria, Intestinal Helminths and Other Risk Factors for Stillbirth in Ghana

Table 1

Demographic and obstetric characteristics of Ghanaian women by stillbirth status, 2006 (𝑁=746).

			Stillbirth
	ALL		No (𝑁=709)		Yes (𝑁=37)
Characteristics	𝑁	%	𝑁	%	Yes	%	𝑃-value
Age:
<20	102	13.7	96	13.5	6	16.2	.95
20–24	188	25.2	178	25.1	10	27.0
25–29	215	28.8	205	28.9	10	27.0
≥30	241	32.3	230	32.4	11	29.7
Formal education
None	164	22.1	157	22.2	7	20.0	.16
Primary	98	13.2	89	12.6	9	25.7
Middle or Junior Secondary	363	48.9	348	49.2	15	42.9
≥Senior Secondary	117	15.8	113	16.0	4	11.4
Weekly income
<100,000	175	23.7	162	23.0	13	38.2	.21
100,000–199,000	49	6.6	48	6.8	1	2.9
200,000–354,000	295	39.9	284	40.3	11	32.4
≥355,000	220	29.8	211	29.9	9	26.5
Marital Status
Single	156	21.1	143	20.3	13	37.1	.05
Living in union	140	18.9	134	19.0	6	17.1
Married	445	60.1	429	60.8	16	45.7
Gravidity
One	225	30.2	216	30.5	9	24.3	.19
Two	141	18.9	137	19.3	4	10.8
≥Three	380	50.9	356	50.2	24	64.9
Trimester at first ANC visit
First	389	52.8	370	52.5	19	54.3	.72
Second	325	43.9	311	44.1	14	40.0
Third/none	23	3.5	24	3.4	2	5.7
Less than 5 ANC visits	318	43.2	296	42.2	22	62.9	.02
Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine doses
None	197	26.4	177	25.0	20	54.1	< .01
One	196	26.7	188	26.5	8	21.6
Two	99	13.3	94	13.3	5	13.5
Three	254	34.1	250	35.3	4	10.8
No deworming	719	96.9	685	96.9	34	97.1	.93
Folate level
Low	290	55.6	262	53.5	28	87.5	< .01
Normal	232	44.4	228	46.5	4	12.5
Hemoglobin level
Normal (≥11 g/dL)	512	69.5	496	70.8	16	44.4	< .01
Moderate anemia (8–10.9 g/dL)	192	26.1	179	25.5	13	36.1
Severe anemia (<8 g/dL)	33	4.5	26	3.7	7	19.4
Previous induced abortion	217	29.5	192	27.5	25	65.6	< .01
History of stillbirth	27	5.2	16	3.3	11	39.3	< .01

Numbers in each category may be less than the total due to missing values; Bold 𝑃<.05; 𝑁 = number.