Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening among Vietnamese American Women

Table 2

Associations between Papanicolaou (PAP) testing and access barriers.

Access factors	Ever had a Pap test				Unadjusted odds ratios		Adjusted odds ratios
	Yes		No		Point estimate	95% CI	Point estimate	95% CI
	No.	%	No.	%
Current health insurance	767	53.26	673	46.74	*** a,b		***
No	224	35.22	412	64.78	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Yes	543	67.54	261	32.46	3.83***	3.07~4.77	3.41***	2.64~4.39
Have a healthcare provider	753	53.44	656	46.56	***		***
No	105	31.82	225	68.18	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Yes	648	60.06	431	39.94	3.22	2.48~4.19***	2.27***	1.67~3.08
Doctor recommendation for testing	734	52.92	653	47.08	***		***
No	550	46.37	627	53.27	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Yes	184	87.62	26	12.38	8.07***	5.27~12.36	9.00***	5.60~14.44
Doctor’s spoken language	711	57.29	530	42.71	***
Vietnamese	496	53.97	423	46.03	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
English and Vietnamese	34	57.63	25	42.37	1.16**	0.68~1.98	1.64	0.89~3.02
English	181	68.82	82	31.18	1.88***	1.41~2.52	2.10***	1.47~2.99
Difficulty getting time off to see doctor	751	53.38	656	46.62	***		***
No	558	56.65	427	43.35	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Yes	193	45.73	229	54.27	0.65***	0.51~0.81	0.70**	0.54~0.89
Preference for doctor’s gender for a vaginal exam	761	53.74	655	46.26	***		***
Female	418	54.93	431	50.77	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Male	33	66.00	17	34.00	2.00*	1.10~3.65	2.41*	1.20~4.85
Does not matter	310	59.96	207	40.04	1.54***	1.24~1.93	1.62***	1.26~2.08

Note: a***, **, *indicating significance levels of ≤0.001, ≤0.01, and ≤0.05, respectively.
^bIt was the overall significance when following the factor category names; otherwise, it was the significance of the factor level.