Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening among Vietnamese American Women
Table 3
Associations between Papanicolaou (PAP) testing and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs.
Beliefs
Total
Ever had a Pap test
Unadjusted odds ratios
Adjusted odds ratios
%
Yes
No
Point estimate
95% CI
Point estimate
95% CI
No.
%
No.
%
God or higher power controls cancer
764
53.58
662
46.42
***
***
Yes
21.0
148
49.50
151
50.50
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
41.1
262
44.63
325
55.37
0.82
0.62~1.09
0.81
0.59~1.09
No
37.8
354
65.56
186
34.44
1.94***
1.46~2.59
2.06***
1.49~2.84
Can have cancer but no symptoms
762
53.51
662
46.49
***
***
Yes
36.6
343
65.71
179
34.29
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
46.1
270
41.10
387
58.90
0.36***
0.29~0.46
0.36***
0.27~0.47
No
17.2
149
60.82
96
39.18
0.81
0.59~1.11
0.86
0.60~1.21
See doctor only when sick
762
53.51
662
46.49
***
***
Yes
65.8
459
48.93
479
51.07
1
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
10.8
68
44.16
86
55.84
0.83
0.59~1.16
0.94
0.64~1.39
No
23.3
235
70.78
97
29.22
2.53***
1.93~3.31
3.03***
2.21~4.18
Cancer can be cured if detected early
765
53.61
662
46.39
***
***
Yes
49.0
478
68.48
220
31.52
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
47.3
268
39.64
408
60.36
0.30***
0.24~0.38
0.31***
0.24~0.40
No
3.7
19
35.85
34
64.15
0.26***
0.14~0.46
0.27***
0.14~0.52
Women 21 or older should have Pap test regularly
765
53.87
655
46.13
***
***
Yes
38.2
389
71.77
153
28.23
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
54.8
337
43.26
442
56.74
0.30***
0.24~0.38
0.29
0.22~0.38
No
7.0
39
39.39
60
60.61
0.26***
0.16~0.40
0.27***
0.17~0.45
Pap test necessary for women not engaging in sexual activities
764
53.65
660
46.35
***
***
Yes
26.1
265
71.24
107
28.76
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
64.0
428
46.93
484
53.07
0.36***
0.28~0.46
0.32***
0.23~0.43
No
9.8
71
50.71
69
49.29
0.42***
0.28~0.62
0.43***
0.27~0.67
Women under 21 but sexually active for 3 years need Pap test
764
53.69
659
46.31
***
***
Yes
26.2
264
70.78
109
52.70
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
62.5
421
47.30
469
29.22
0.37***
0.29~0.48
0.32***
0.24~0.44
No
11.2
79
49.38
81
50.63
0.40***
0.28~0.59
0.41***
0.27~0.63
Pap test is necessary for women who no longer menstruate
758
53.49
659
46.51
***
***
Yes
68.1
553
57.31
412
42.69
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
27.0
174
45.55
208
54.45
0.62***
0.49~0.79
0.54***
0.41~0.70
No
5.0
31
44.29
39
55.71
0.59*
0.36~0.97
0.68
0.40~1.18
Cancer affects women of all ages
762
53.59
660
46.41
***
***
Yes
45.6
443
68.26
206
31.74
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
46.0
274
41.96
379
58.04
0.34***
0.27~0.42
0.37***
0.28~0.47
No
8.4
45
37.50
75
62.50
0.28***
0.19~0.42
0.28***
0.18~0.44
Pap test can detect cancer early and prolong life
762
53.66
658
46.34
***
***
Yes
45.0
453
70.89
186
29.11
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
49.4
288
41.03
414
58.97
0.29***
0.23~0.36
0.30***
0.23~0.38
No
5.5
21
26.58
58
73.42
0.15***
0.09~0.25
016***
0.09~0.29
Cancer risk increases with increasing age
759
53.45
661
46.55
***
***
Yes
32.3
328
71.30
132
28.70
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Do not know
59.6
390
46.04
457
53.96
0.34***
0.27~0.44
0.33***
0.25~0.44
No
8.0
41
36.28
72
63.72
0.23***
0.15~0.35
0.23***
0.15~0.37
Four symptoms of cervical cancer
No. 1 Vaginal bleeding
769
53.03
681
46.97
***
***
No
78.6
556
48.73
585
51.27
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Yes
21.3
213
68.93
96
31.07
2.33***
1.79~3.05
1.88***
1.39~2.53
No. 2 Unusual vaginal discharge
769
53.03
681
46.97
***
***
No
74.8
531
48.94
554
51.06
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Yes
25.1
238
65.21
127
34.79
1.96***
1.53~2.50
1.70***
1.29~2.26
No. 3 Pelvic pain
769
53.03
681
46.97
***
*
No
86.4
643
51.32
610
48.68
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Yes
13.5
126
63.96
71
36.04
1.68***
1.23~2.30
1.59*
1.12~2.27
No. 4 Pain during sexual intercourse
769
53.03
681
46.97
*
*
No
8.51
638
51.70
596
48.30
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Yes
14.8
131
60.65
85
39.35
1.44*
1.07~1.93
1.34
0.96~1.88
Ever heard of HPV
744
53.30
652
46.70
***
***
No
77.2
502
46.57
576
53.43
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Yes
22.7
242
76.10
76
23.90
3.65***
2.75~4.85
4.49***
3.15~6.38
Note: ***, **, *indicating significance levels of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively.
bIt was the overall significance when following the factor category names; otherwise, it was the significance of the factor level.
