Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature

Table 1

Characteristics of studies reporting extragenital infections due to N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis among women.

Author	Study year	Location	Setting	Time period	Risk	Sample	Gonorrhea			Chlamydia
							Urogenital	Rectal	Pharyngeal	Urogenital	Rectal	Pharyngeal
Jones et al. [33]	1985	Indiana (US)	STD clinic	1985	Women	686/1,223	—	—	—	28.00%	5.20%	3.20%
Ostergaard et al. [38]	1997	Denmark	STD clinic	1995-1996	Women	196	—	—	—	3.60%	3.10%	1.50%
Linhart et al. [35]	2008	Tel Aviv, Israel	Sex worker outreach	2008	Women	300	5.00%	—	9.00%	6.30%	—	—
van der Helm et al. [49]	2009	Netherlands	STD clinic	2006-2007	Women	936	—	2.00%	—	—	9.00%	—
Barry et al. [24]	2010	California (US)	STD clinic	2007-2008	Women	1,308	1.80%	1.70%	—	5.40%	4.70%	—
Giannini et al. [28]	2010	Ohio (US)	STD clinic, children’s hospital	2003–2007	Women	1,949	5.6–9.3%	2.9–13.4%	2.5–6.8%	—	—	—
Hunte et al. [30]	2010	Florida (US)	STD clinic	2007	Women	97	8.20%	13.40%	—	16.50%	17.50%	—
Raychaudhuri and Birley [41]	2010	United Kingdom	Genitourinary clinic	2005–2008	Women	120	27.50%	35.80%	—	—	—	—
Sethupathi et al. [42]	2010	United Kingdom	Genitourinary clinic	2006–2008	Women	152	—	—	—	11.90%	12.50%	—
Peters et al. [39]	2011	Netherlands	STD clinic	2007-2008	Women	4,299	1.10%	1.70%	0.80%	10.00%	8.70%	1.90%
Javanbakht et al. [31]	2012	California (US)	STD clinic	2008–2010	Women	2,084	3.30%	3.00%	—	12.00%	14.60%	—
Koedijk et al. [22]	2012	Netherlands	STD clinic	2006–2010	Women	207,134	1.00%	1.20%	1.20%	10.40%	9.30%	2.70%
Mayer et al. [36]	2012	US (4 cities)	HIV clinic	2004–2006	Women (HIV+)	119	1.00%	1.00%	2.00%	3.00%	2.00%	2.00%
Diaz et al. [26]	2013	Spain	STD clinic	2006–2010	Women	318	0.90%	3.10%	29.60%	—	—	—
Shaw et al. [43]	2013	United Kingdom	Genitourinary clinic	2013	Women	2,808	0.50%	0.60%	0.30%	6.70%	7.10%	1.30%
van Liere et al. [45]	2013	Netherlands	STD clinic	2010-2011	Women	1,321	1.30%	0.90%	2.30%	5.40%	4.80%	1.40%
Dimech et al. [102]	2014	Australia	Surveillance system	2008–2010	Women	415,069	—	—	—	6.7—10%	5.20%	1.70%
Jenkins et al. [32]	2014	Illinois (US)	Emergency room	2012-2013	Women	301	1.00%	—	0.70%	6.30%	—	0.70%
Ladd et al. [34]	2014	US (multiple cities)	Mail	2009–2011	Women	205	—	2.50%	—	—	11.10%	—
Peters et al. [40]	2014	South Africa	Primary care clinic	2011-2012	Women	604	10.00%	2.50%	0.00%	16.00%	7.10%	0.20%
van Liere et al. [46]	2014	Netherlands	STD clinic	2012-2013	Women	663	—	—	—	11.20%	8.40%	—
van Liere et al. [47]	2014	Netherlands	STD clinic	2010–2012	Women	1,321	1.30%	0.90%	2.30%	5.40%	4.80%	1.40%
Bazan et al. [23]	2015	Ohio (US)	STD clinic	2012-2013	Women	331	7.00%	6.00%	—	13.00%	13.00%	—
Danby et al. [25]	2016	Pennsylvania (US)	STD clinic	2014-2015	Women	175	2.90%	2.30%	2.30%	10.30%	11.40%	1.70%
Dukers-Muijrers et al. [19]	2015	Netherlands	STD clinic	2010–2013	Women	7,419	0.60%	0.70%	2.70%	10.20%	6.50%	1.40%
Garner et al. [27]	2015	United Kingdom	Sexual health clinic	2010	Women	649	0.80%	1.10%	0.60%	13.30%	6.60%	2.50%
Gratrix et al. [29]	2015	Canada	STD clinic	2012	Women	3055	—	—	—	9.40%	12.60%	—
Musil et al. [37]	2015	Australia	Sexual health clinic	2013-2014	Women	56	—	—	—	77.00%	57.00%	—
Trebach et al. [44]	2015	Maryland (US)	STD clinic	2011–2013	Women	4,402	2.80%	3.00%	2.10%	10.00%	8.60%	2.60%
van Liere et al. [48]	2015	Netherlands	STD clinic	2011-2012	Women	11,113	—	0.90%	—	—	9.50%	—
van Liere et al. [45]	2013	Netherlands	STD clinic	2010-2011	Women (“swingers”)	461	—	1.08%	—	—	6.72%
Ding and Challenor [50]	2014	United Kingdom	STD clinic	2012-2013	Women	97	—	—	—	100%	77.3%	—
Cosentino et al. [51]	2012	Pennsylvania (US)	HIV clinic	2009-2010	Women	272	—	2.6%	—	—	7.7%	—
Bachmann et al. [52]	2010	US	STD clinic, HIV clinic	2003–2007	Women	99	20.30%	23.10–54.30%	8.20%	27.40%	5.60–19.20%	1.90%

Note. STD: sexually transmitted diseases; US: United States.