Risk of Adverse Infant Outcomes Associated with Maternal Tuberculosis in a Low Burden Setting: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Characteristics of women with and without tuberculosis-associated ICD-9 diagnosis during delivery hospitalization, Washington State, 1987–2012.
Maternal characteristic
% Missing
Maternal TB ()
No maternal TB ()
(%)
(%)
Age (years)
0
<20
14 (10.5)
54 (10.1)
20–29
80 (59.7)
294 (54.9)
≥30
40 (29.9)
188 (35.1)
Median age (IQR)
26 (22–31)
27 (23–32)
Ethnicity
2.2
White
27 (20.5)
415 (79.4)
Black
14 (10.6)
13 (2.5)
Asian
33 (25.0)
28 (5.4)
Hispanic
52 (39.4)
47 (9.0)
Native American
6 (4.6)
18 (3.4)
Other non-white
0 (0)
2 (0.4)
Education
34.8
<High school graduate
51 (59.3)
60 (17.1)
High school graduate
35 (40.7)
291 (82.9)
Median year of education (IQR)
10 (9–12)
13 (12–16)
Urban residence
10.3
96 (80.7)
360 (74.7)
Income (dollars)‡
8.1
<35,000
63 (52.5)
209 (42.1)
35,000–49,999
48 (40.0)
174 (35.1)
≥50,000
9 (7.5)
113 (22.8)
Median income (in thousands) (IQR)
34 (26–40)
37 (31–48)
Single marital status
0.2
49 (36.6)
154 (28.8)
Foreign born
0
105 (78.4)
90 (16.8)
Maternal country of origin
1.5
Low-income
53 (40.5)
235 (44.4)
Middle-income
32 (24.4)
173 (32.7)
High-income
46 (35.1)
121 (22.9)
Parity
1.5
0
53 (40.5)
235 (44.4)
1
32 (24.4)
173 (32.7)
≥2
46 (35.1)
121 (22.9)
Prenatal care utilization†
11.2
<80% PNC visits
53 (46.9)
157 (32.6)
80–109% PNC visits
36 (31.9)
248 (51.5)
≥110% PNC visits
24 (21.2)
77 (16.0)
Body mass index (BMI)#
72.5
BMI < 18.5 underweight
0 (0)
4 (2.6)
BMI 18.5–24.9 normal
18 (56.3)
76 (50.0)
BMI 25.0–29.9 overweight
8 (25.0)
38 (25.0)
BMI ≥ 30.0 obese class I–III
6 (18.8)
34 (22.4)
Median BMI (IQR)
23.6 (20.7–27.9)
24.8 (22.2–29.4)
Weight gain in pregnancy (lbs)
28.7
Loss or no gain
0 (0)
2 (0.5)
1–9.9
6 (6.7)
12 (3.1)
10–19.9
17 (18.9)
40 (10.3)
20–39.9
48 (53.3)
205 (52.8)
>40
19 (21.1)
129 (33.3)
Median pregnancy weight gain (IQR)
26 (19–37)
33 (25–40)
Gestational diabetes
0
8 (6.0)
20 (3.7)
Smoked during pregnancy
5.5
8 (6.4)
80 (15.8)
Numbers may not add up to totals because of missing data. Estimated by linking birth certificates to census tract records from U.S. Census Bureau 2000. ‡Estimated by linking birth certificates to census tract records from U.S. Census Bureau 2000, median income per census tract. Per World Bank gross national income index classifications. Lower-middle and upper-middle income countries are categorized together as middle-income. †Kotelchuck index classifies prenatal care based on birth certificate data on date prenatal care was initiated and number of prenatal visits. #BMI was not available on the birth certificate before 2003. Weight gain during pregnancy was recorded on birth certificates from 1988 on, however pre-pregnancy weight was only available after 1992.
