<i>Objective</i>. To determine whether (1) a decreased concentration of <i>Lactobacilli</i> allows <i>S. pyogenes</i> to grow; (2) <i>S. pyogenes</i> is able to grow in the presence of healthy <i>Lactobacillus</i> concentrations; (3) <i>S. pyogenes</i> is capable of inhibiting <i>Lactobacilli</i>. <i>Methods</i>. One hundred fifty patient samples of <i>S. pyogenes</i> were mixed with four different concentrations of <i>L. crispatus</i> and <i>L. jensenii</i>. Colony counts and pH measurements were taken from these concentrations and compared using <i>t</i>-tests and ANOVA statistical analyses. <i>Results</i>. Statistical tests showed no significant difference between the colony counts of <i>S. pyogenes</i> by itself and growth when mixed with <i>Lactobacilli</i>, and no significant difference between the colony counts of <i>S. pyogenes</i> in the four different concentrations of <i>Lactobacilli</i>. <i>Conclusion</i>. The statistical data representing the growth of these two organisms suggests that <i>Lactobacilli</i> did not inhibit the growth of <i>S. pyogenes</i>. Also, <i>S. pyogenes</i> did not inhibit the growth of <i>Lactobacilli</i>.

Mark L. Westbroek

Crystal L. Davis

Lena S. Fawson

Travis M. Price

Interactions of <i>Lactobacilli</i> with Pathogenic <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>

A range of schedules are recommended for hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants. This open-label study (217744/083) compared the immune response of premature (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:50.724998px;" id="M1" height="11.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.724998 11.425" width="50.724998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D441" d="M857 650l-6 -28q-44 -4 -61.5 -16.5t-29.5 -48.5q-11 -32 -37 -166l-78 -399h-29l-351 537h-4l-56 -276q-24 -120 -24 -164q0 -35 17.5 -46t75.5 -15l-6 -28h-245l7 28q41 2 62 14t31 44q10 30 41 171l53 245q8 44 6.5 60.5t-14.5 33.5q-10 15 -27 19.5t-64 6.5l6 28h153&#xA;l350 -516h5l48 257q25 131 25 171q0 34 -17.5 45t-77.5 15l7 28h240z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,19.628,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.332,11.112)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.491,11.112)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) and full-term infants (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:50.724998px;" id="M2" height="11.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.724998 11.425" width="50.724998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D441"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,19.628,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.332,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.491,11.112)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) to hepatitis B antigen following primary administration of hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine at 2&#x2013;4&#x2013;6 months and a booster dose at 18 months. Anti-HBsAg antibodies were determined before and one month after primary and booster doses. There were no significant differences in postprimary seroprotection rates (anti-HBsAg &#x3E;10&#x2009;mIU/mL; preterm 93.4&#x25;; full-term 95.2&#x25;) or geometric mean concentrations (634 versus 867&#x2009;mIU/ml), and neither appeared to be related to gestational length or birth weight. Prebooster seroprotection rates were 75 and 80.6&#x25;, respectively. Six premature infants did not respond to primary and booster doses. Primary and booster vaccinations with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib elicit satisfactory anti-HBsAg responses in preterm infants, which are not influenced by gestational age or birth weight. This schedule and vaccine will greatly facilitate the immunisation of premature infants.

Felix Omeñaca

Jose Garcia-Sicilia

Reyes Boceta

Pilar García-Corbeira

Hepatitis B Response of Premature Infants after Primary and Booster Immunisation with a Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis-Hepatitis B-Inactivated Poliovirus/<i>Haemophilus Influenzae</i> Type B Vaccine

<i  >Objective</i>. The objective of the study was to assess Plasmodium/intestinal helminth infection in pregnancy and other risk factors for stillbirth in Ghana. <i  >Methods</i>. A cross-sectional study of women presenting for delivery in two hospitals was conducted during November-December 2006. Data collected included sociodemographic information, medical and obstetric histories, and anthropometric measures. Laboratory investigations for the presence of <i  >Plasmodium falciparum</i> and intestinal helminths, and tests for hemoglobin levels were also performed. <i  >Results</i>. The stillbirth rate was relatively high in this population (5&#x25;). Most of the stillbirths were fresh and 24&#x25; were macerated. When compared to women with no malaria, women with malaria had increased risk of stillbirth (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:62.837502px;" id="M1" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 62.837502 11.6875" width="62.837502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><path id="x52" d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144&#xA;q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>, 95&#x25;&#x2009;<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:56.837502px;" id="M2" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 56.837502 11.6875" width="56.837502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.367,11.363)"><path id="x49" d="M303 0h-265v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v400q0 63 -14 77.5t-76 19.5v28h265v-28q-62 -5 -76 -19.5t-14 -77.5v-400q0 -64 14 -78t76 -19v-28z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.576,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,44.735,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,48.611,11.363)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2013;9.3). Other factors associated with stillbirth were severe anemia, low serum folate concentration, past induced abortion, and history of stillbirth. <i  >Conclusion</i>. The fact that most of the stillbirths were fresh suggests that higher quality intrapartum care could reduce stillbirth rates.

Nelly J. Yatich

Ellen Funkhouser

John E. Ehiri

Tsiri Agbenyega

Jonathan K. Stiles

Julian C. Rayner

Archer Turpin

William O. Ellis

Yi Jiang

Jonathan H. Williams

Evans Afriyie-Gwayu

Timothy Phillips

Pauline E. Jolly

Malaria, Intestinal Helminths and Other Risk Factors for Stillbirth in Ghana

<i  >Objective</i>. As the consequences of <i  >Mycoplasma genitalium</i> in pregnant women are unknown, we examined the relationship between prenatal <i  >M. genitalium</i> infection and SAB. 
<i  >Methods</i>. The presence of <i  >M. genitalium</i> was determined by PCR in urine from 82 women who subsequently experienced a SAB and 134 women who maintained their pregnancies past 22 weeks gestation.  The relationships between <i  >M. genitalium</i> and subsequent SAB, demographic, current pregnancy, and reproductive health history characteristics were evaluated.  
<i  >Results</i>.  Compared to women without <i  >M. genitalium</i>, women with <i  >M. genitalium</i> were more likely to report nulliparity (41.7&#x25; versus 17.4&#x25;, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M1" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>), history of pelvic inflammatory disease (27.3&#x25; versus 8.8&#x25;, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>), prior <i  >C. trachomatis</i> infection (63.6&#x25; versus 36.9&#x25;, <svg     style="vertical-align:-1.59705pt;width:54.424999px;" id="M3" height="13.1625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 54.424999 13.1625" width="54.424999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><path id="x2C" d="M95 130q31 0 61 -30t30 -78q0 -53 -38 -87.5t-93 -51.5l-11 29q77 31 77 85q0 26 -17.5 43t-44.5 24q-4 0 -8.5 6.5t-4.5 17.5q0 18 15 30t34 12z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) and problems getting pregnant (18.2&#x25; versus 4.4&#x25;, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M4" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

		
	
</svg>).  <i  >M. genitalium</i> was not associated with SAB (AOR 0.9, 95&#x25; CI 0.2&#x2013;3.8). 
<i  >Conclusions</i>.  Pregnant women who test positive for <i  >M. genitalium</i> do not have an increased risk of SAB but report a history of reproductive morbidities.

Vanessa L. Short

Jørgen S. Jensen

Deborah B. Nelson

Pamela J. Murray

Roberta B. Ness

Catherine L. Haggerty

<i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> among Young, Urban Pregnant Women

Few large studies have evaluated concordance based on a broad spectrum of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in oral and genital specimens of mothers and their recently born infants. This information is important in determining whether HPV vaccines administered prior to pregnancy may be useful for preventing vertical transmission. HPV DNA was positive in 30&#x25; of mothers and 1.5&#x25; of newborns. Maternal/newborn concordance (HPV+/+ or HPV<svg     style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt;width:27.0875px;" id="M1" height="14.85" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 27.0875 14.85" width="27.0875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.012)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,12.012)"><path id="x2F" d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.044,12.012)"><use xlink:href="#x2212"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) was 71&#x25;. Among HPV DNA+ mothers, only 3&#x25; of their infants were DNA+ and only 1 pair had the same HPV type. Among HPV<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:10.1px;" id="M2" height="4.8874998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 4.8874998" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,4.825)"><use xlink:href="#x2212"/></g>

		
	
</svg> women, 0.8&#x25; of infants were HPV+. HPV DNA detected in hospitalized newborns reflects current infection transmitted to infants during pregnancy or delivery. None of the mother/baby HPV DNA+ concordance pairs detected viral types found in HPV vaccines suggesting that vaccination prior to pregnancy is unlikely to be efficacious in preventing vertical transmission.

Elaine M. Smith

Michael A. Parker

Linda M. Rubenstein

Thomas H. Haugen

Eva Hamsikova

Lubomir P. Turek

Evidence for Vertical Transmission of HPV from Mothers to Infants

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<p><em>Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology</em> publishes articles related to infectious diseases in women’s health. Topics include diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, and infections in pregnancy.</p>


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Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology | Hindawi

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Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology publishes articles related to infectious diseases in women’s health. Topics include diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, and infections in pregnancy.

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Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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