Promising Natural Products in Crop Protection and Food Preservation: Basis, Advances, and Future Prospects

Table 2

Negative effects of current methods of crop protection.

Methods	Examples	Disadvantages	References
Herbicides	Dimethylarsinic acid diuron, imazapyr, and picloram	Dizziness, headache, vomiting, fall in blood pressure, convulsions, and general paralysis	[62, 80]
		Cancer	[33]
Fungicides	Mancozeb, malathion thirame, and fenarimol	Inhibition of hormone synthesis, developmental defects, menstrual cycle irregularities, impaired fertility, and spontaneous abortion/stillbirths	[61, 81, 82]
Insecticides	Spinetoram	Minimal or mild eye irritation	[83]
	Diazinon	Lymphoma	[44]
	Aldrin	Liver diseases and lung cancer	[54]
	DDT	Chronic liver damage, reproductive disorders, cytogenic effects, and breast cancer	[61]
Genetically modified species	GM maize and soybean	Higher level of severe inflammation in stomach and lower glucose levels	[78, 79, 84]
Use of cover crops	Common vetch, daikon radish, and sweet clover	Soil water depletion	[55]
Natural predators	Lacewings, lady beetles, and trichodrema	The introduction of predators at the wrong time causes more damage to the plants	[77]
Use of scare crows	Mannequin or decoy	Not always effective in scaring birds and animals away	[54]