Proline, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and <i>OsP5CS</i> Gene Activity in Radical and Plumule of Rice are Efficient Drought Tolerance Indicator Traits

Saddique, Muhammad Abu Bakar; Ali, Zulfiqar; Sher, Muhammad Ali; Farid, Babar; Ikram, Rao Muhammad; Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862792

International Journal of Agronomy

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8862792 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862792

Proline, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and OsP5CS Gene Activity in Radical and Plumule of Rice are Efficient Drought Tolerance Indicator Traits

Muhammad Abu Bakar Saddique,^1,2Zulfiqar Ali ,^1,2Muhammad Ali Sher,¹Babar Farid,¹Rao Muhammad Ikram,³and Muhammad Saeed Ahmad²

Academic Editor: Vera Popovic

Received18 Aug 2020

Revised14 Sept 2020

Accepted24 Nov 2020

Published22 Dec 2020

Abstract

The success of a plant breeding program is linked with the rapid screening of crop germplasm. In the following study, the germination stage of rice seeds has been examined for the rapid screening of drought-tolerant genotypes. The rice genotypes (10 drought tolerant, 5 moderately drought tolerant, and 5 drought susceptible) were sown in Petri dishes under control and osmotic stress of 15% PEG6000. Data were recorded after four days of sowing for the osmotic stress-induced change in imbibition rate, speed of germination, radical and plumule length, radical and plumule total fresh and dry weight, proline contents, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde level in radical and plumule of seeds. Moreover, the change in expression of OsP5CS gene was also recorded in one of each drought tolerant, moderately drought tolerant, and drought susceptible genotypes. Under osmotic stress, the level of proline, total antioxidant capacity, and the expression of OsP5CS were increased in drought-tolerant genotypes as compared to moderately drought tolerant and drought susceptible genotypes. While, the change in imbibition rate, speed of germination, radical and plumule length, and fresh and dry weight were not symmetrical in drought tolerant, moderately drought tolerant, and drought susceptible genotypes. In short, the symmetrical change in proline, total antioxidant capacity, and expression of OsP5CS gene within radical and plumule of drought tolerant, moderately drought tolerant, and drought susceptible genotypes can help rapid screening of drought-tolerant rice genotypes.

1. Introduction

In the near future, water shortage will prevail, and it is projected that by 2025, almost 15 million hectares of the land will suffer physical water scarcity and 22 million hectares of economic water scarcity. The web of impacts becomes so extensive that it will be difficult to determine accurate financial estimates of damages. It will bring agricultural drought and ultimately the food insecurity [1–3]. Moisture-loving plants that are part of our diet need special attention to be acclimatized in low water agriculture of the future. At present, the success in developing a protocol for the rapid screening of drought-tolerant genotypes can help to ensure food security during future agricultural droughts.

Rice is one of the important water-loving plants that feeds more than half of the world population. It needs special attention to be fit in future water-scarce agriculture. Drought stress damages rice plants at all growth stages. It decreases the germination rate, germination potential, the germination energy, seedling vigor, coleoptile length, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, root length, shoot length, and leaf area [3–6]. It also decreases the number of effective tillers per hill, number of spikelets per panicle, filled grains per hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and seed quality [7–9]. It increases the level of cellular compatible solutes (soluble sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, glycine betaine, proline, trehalose, and organic acid), growth substances (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and ABA), and antioxidants (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, γ-aminobutyric acid, and α-tocopherol). It induces high expression of stress-responsive genes. It also triggers cell membrane damage and thus boosts the cellular level of malondialdehyde (MDA) [10–17]. In short, drought stress disturbs plant homeostasis at each developmental stage from germination till maturity. While the extent of damage varies from genotype to genotype. Drought-tolerant genotypes (DT) successfully ameliorate the effects of these injuries, while susceptible genotypes show significant loss in the abovementioned traits [15, 18, 19]. Therefore, the extent of damage in these traits is used as a scale for the screening of DT genotypes.

The relative significance of these traits varies, and some traits are more distinctive than others. Plant biomass and the synthesis of proline as well as antioxidants are more prominent drought tolerance indicator traits [14, 16, 20]. Proline acts as a compatible solute, scavenger of the reactive oxygen species, and energy source to ameliorate the damages of osmotic shocks. It also has protein-stabilizing properties and stimulates protein folding under unfavorable conditions [21–23]. Likewise, antioxidants prevent the damage of reactive oxygen species and thus maintain cellular physiological functioning, whereas the synthesis of MDA occurs as a result of membrane damage [24–28]. Under drought stress, the level of proline and antioxidants remain high in DT genotypes, while MDA contents remain low in DT genotypes [29–31]. The synthesis pattern of these biochemicals can help effective screening of crop germplasm.

For increasing the speed of plant breeding programs, germplasm screening at the germination stage is very much important. It has the potential to provide reliable drought tolerance indicator traits. But most of the work performed about the screening of plant germplasm focuses on the seedling and maturity stages, while the germination stage has not been deeply explored. What is performed on the germination stage mostly focuses on morphological parameters [32–34], but molecular and biochemical traits are needed to be explored further. In present research work, the radicle and plumule of germinating rice seeds were examined based on the drought-induced change in morphological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. That provided drought tolerance indicator traits which are helpful for the rapid and reliable screening of rice germplasm.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Growing Conditions

The 20 drought-responsive genotypes (10 drought tolerant, five moderately drought tolerant (MDT), and five drought susceptible (DS)) were used in this study (Table 1). These 20 genotypes were selected from the screening of 606 rice accessions (details are given in supplementary material, Table S1, Figure S1). The drought responsiveness of these 20 genotypes was proved both at seedling and maturity stages (Figure S2). The seeds of each genotype were sown between filter papers placed in Petri dishes. The experiment was conducted at the lab bench (28°C) following the factorial under a complete randomized design. Two treatment combinations (control and drought) each with three replications were maintained. Five ml of distilled water (dH₂O) was applied in control treatments, and 5 ml of 15% PEG6000 solution in dH₂O (−2.95 bars of osmotic potential) was applied in drought treatments. The experiment was monitored for four days until both the radical and plumule gained almost one cm length.

2.2. Traits Understudy

The genotypes were evaluated based on the drought-induced change in the imbibition rate after 24 h and 48 h (IR mg/g), the speed of germination (SG), radical length (cm), plumule length (cm), radical and plumule total fresh weight (g), radical and plumule total dry weight, proline level (ppm), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (nm), MDA contents (nmol/ml), and expression of OsP5CS gene. The IR was determined by the formula of Wang et al. [35] and SG by Ellis and Roberts [36].where W₁ (g) represents the dry seed weight, and W₂ (g) represents the seed weight after imbibition.

Changes in IR and SG were determined by the following formula.

2.3. Determination of Proline (ppm)

It was determined by following the method of Bates et al. [37]. The 0.5 g of the fresh radical and plumule was homogenized in 5 ml of 3% aqueous sulphosalicylic acid. This homogenate was filtered through Whatman No. 2 filter paper. One ml of filtrate was taken in a test tube, and it was mixed with 1 ml of acid ninhydrin and 1 ml of glacial acetic acid. The mixture was briefly vortexed and heated at 100°C in a waterbath. Samples were removed from the waterbath after one hour, and the reaction was terminated on ice. Four ml of toluene was added to the solution and vortexed for 15–20 seconds. The chromophore containing free proline was aspirated from the aqueous phase in a test tube and warmed to room temperature. The spectrophotometer absorbance was taken at 520 nm. Drought-induced change in proline formation was determined by the following formula.

2.4. Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity

It was determined by following the method of Prieto et al. [38]. The 0.4 g of fresh radical and plumule was homogenized in 50% methanol and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for at least 15 min. The 100 μl of enzyme extract (supernatant) and 900 μl reagent (0.6 MH₂SO₄, 28 mM sodium phosphate, and 4 mM ammonium molybdate) were mixed and boiled at 95°C for 30 min. Spectrophotometer absorbance was measured at 695 nm; higher the value of absorbance indicates more TAC [39]. Drought-induced change in TAC was determined by the following formula.

2.5. Determination of Malondialdehyde

It was determined by following the method of Heath and Packer [40]. The 0.1 g fresh radical and plumule was homogenized in 1 ml of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for at least 15 min. One ml supernatant was mixed with an equal volume of reagent (0.5% thiobarbituric acid in 20% (w/v) TCA). The mixture was boiled for 30 min at 95°C, cooled, and centrifuged at 7500 × g for 5 min. The spectrophotometer absorbance of the mixture was recorded at 532 nm and 600 nm. Nonspecific turbidity was adjusted by subtracting the absorbance at 600 nm from that taken at 532 nm.

A₅₃₂ is the absorption value at 532 nm, and A₆₀₀ is the absorption value at 600 nm. While 155000 nmol/ml is the absorption coefficient for MDA [40]. Drought-induced change in MDA was determined by the following formula.

2.6. Expression of OsP5CS

For the expression analysis, three out of 20 genotypes were tested, including one DT (WC-297), one MDT (Caawa), and one DS (IR-64). The expression analysis of OsP5CS was performed from the homogenized sample of radicle and plumule after four days of sowing. For primers designing, coding DNA sequences were retrieved from the Rice Annotation Project Database (http://rapdb.dna.affrc.go.jp/). Ubiquitin (UBQ) was used as a reference gene. Forward and reverse primers of these two genes are given in Table S5. TRIzol^® reagent (Favorgen Biotech Corp.) was used for the extraction of RNA from a mixed sample of radical and plumule. High-quality RNA was used to synthesize cDNA following the protocol of Thermo Fisher Scientific. Gel band strength was studied with Image. J. IJ 1.46r. Numerical values showing gel band strength were used to calculate the percentage change in the expression of OsP5CS.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance method (Statistix 8, version 8.1) and biplot analysis [41].

3. Results

3.1. Imbibition Rate and Speed of Germination

The IR and SG were significantly decreased under osmotic stress (, Table S2). After 24 h of osmotic stress, IR was decreased in all DT, MDT, and DS genotypes (Figure 1(a)). In DT genotypes, the average decrease was 7.9%, and in MDT and DS genotypes, it was 20.0% and 20.4%, respectively. While, under optimum water supply, the average value of IR in DT genotypes was 359 mg/g; in MDT genotypes, it was 328 mg/g; and in DS genotypes, it was 362 mg/g. Under drought stress, average IR was 330 mg/g in DT genotypes, 262 mg/g in MDT genotypes, and 288 mg/g in DS genotypes. Similarly, the decrease in IR was also recorded after 48 h (Figure 1(b)). In DT genotypes, the average decrease was 7.8%; in MDT genotypes, it was 6.4%, and in DS genotypes, it was 11.4%. While, under optimum water environment, the average value of IR in DT genotypes was 472 mg/g; in MDT genotypes, it was 489 mg/g; and in DS genotypes, it was 467 mg/g. Under drought stress, average IR was 434 mg/g in DT genotypes, 458 mg/g in MDT genotypes, and 414 mg/g in DS genotypes. Drought also decreased the germination rate, and it resulted in a significant decrease in SG for all genotypes. Some genotypes from DT, MDT, and DS groups had almost the same SG, and there was no distinction for this decrease in these genotypes (Figure 1(c)). Up to 55.8% average decrease was recorded in DT genotypes, 52.5% in MDT genotypes, and 48.4% in DS genotypes. While, under optimum water supply, the average value of the SG in DT genotypes was 2.8; in MDT genotypes, it was 2.9; and in DS genotypes, it was 3.4. Under drought stress, average SG was 1.2 in DT genotypes, 1.4 in MDT genotypes, and 1.7 in DS genotypes.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.2. Radical and Plumule Length and Biomass

Radical length, plumule length, radical and plumule TFW, and radical and plumule TDW were significantly decreased under osmotic stress (, Table S2). There was no trend recorded in DT, MDT, and DS genotypes for this decrease. Biplot in Figure 2 shows the gain in radical and plumule length, radical and plumule total fresh weight, and radical and plumule total dry weight under control and osmotic stress environments. Genotypes were randomly scattered around trait vectors; there was no grouping of DT, MDT, and DS genotypes based on these traits. The OP length of the DT, MDT, and DS genotypes was random for all mentioned traits, i.e., if it was high for a DT genotype, at the same time, it was also high for MDT and DS genotypes.

Under optimum water supply, the average value of the radical length in DT genotypes was 1.09 cm; in MDT genotypes, it was 1.06 cm; and in DS genotypes, it was 1.08 cm. Under drought stress, the value of the radical length was 0.6 cm in DT genotypes, 0.6 cm in MDT genotypes, and 0.62 cm in DS genotypes. Under optimum water supply, the average value of the plumule length in DT genotypes was 0.91 cm; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.9 cm; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.9 cm. Under drought stress, the value of the plumule length was 0.6 cm in DT genotypes, 0.65 cm in MDT genotypes, and 0.64 cm in DS genotypes. Under optimum water supply, the average value of the total fresh weight in DT genotypes was 0.035 g; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.04 g; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.04 g. Under drought stress, the value of the total fresh weight was 0.017 g in DT genotypes, 0.022 g in MDT genotypes, and 0.021 g in DS genotypes. Under optimum water supply, the average value of the total dry weight in DT genotypes was 0.007 g; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.009 g; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.009 g. Under drought stress, the value of the total dry weight was 0.003 g in DT genotypes, 0.004 g in MDT genotypes, and 0.004 g in DS genotypes. At the germination stage, the morphological traits were unable to classify genotypes into DT, MDT, and DS groups. Therefore, these traits do not have the potential for the screening of drought-tolerant rice genotypes.

3.3. Proline Contents

Under osmotic stress, a significant and symmetrical change was recorded for the synthesis of biochemicals in DT, MDT, and DS genotypes (, Table S2). These biochemicals were able to classify rice genotypes into three groups of DT, MDT, and DS genotypes. The level of proline in radical and plumule of DT genotypes was quite higher than MDT and much higher than DS genotypes. The average increase of proline contents in DT genotypes was 9.2 ppm. In MDT and DS genotypes, it was 6.4 ppm and 0.056 ppm, respectively. Under optimum water supply, the average value of proline in DT genotypes was 8.0 ppm; in MDT genotypes, it was 7.8 ppm; and in DS genotypes, it was 8.12 ppm. While, under drought stress, the average value of proline in DT genotypes was 17.2 ppm; in MDT genotypes, it was 14.2 ppm; and in DS genotypes, it was 8.2 ppm. It shows that the higher level of proline was produced in DT genotypes. Figure 3(a) shows the drought-induced increase in proline formation of the twenty genotypes at the germination stage.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.4. Total Antioxidant Capacity

In osmotic stress, TAC was significantly changed in DT, MDT, and DS genotypes (, Table S2). In the radical and plumule of DT genotypes, the TAC was higher than MDT and much higher than DS genotypes. The average increase in TAC in DT genotypes was 0.17 nm. While in MDT and DS genotypes, it was 0.14 nm and 0.037 nm, respectively. Under optimum water supply, the average value of TAC in DT genotypes was 0.34 nm; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.35 nm; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.35 nm. While, under drought stress, the average value of TAC in DT genotypes was 0.51 nm; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.49 nm; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.39 nm. Figure 3(b) shows the drought-induced increase in TAC of twenty genotypes at the germination stage.

3.5. Malondialdehyde Contents

The production of MDA is an indicator of plant membrane damage. Under osmotic stress, a significant change was recorded for the production of MDA contents in DT, MDT, and DS genotypes (, Table S2). It was seen that under osmotic stress, increase in the production of MDA was minimum in DT genotypes and maximum in DS plants. The average change in level of MDA in radical and plumule of DT, MDT, and DS genotypes was 0.13 nmol/ml, 0.25 nmol/ml, and 0.42 nmol/ml, respectively. Under optimum water supply, the average value of MDA in DT genotypes was 0.14 nmol/ml; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.168 nmol/ml; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.177 nmol/ml. While, under drought stress, the average value of MDA in DT genotypes was 0.39 nmol/ml; in MDT genotypes, it was 0.511 nmol/ml; and in DS genotypes, it was 0.612 nmol/ml. Figure 3(c) shows the drought-induced increase in MDA production of twenty genotypes at the germination stage.

3.6. Transcript Abundance of OsP5CS

The expression of the OsP5CS gene was consistent with the biochemical results of proline formation. In osmotic stress, the expression of OsP5CS was increased in DT and MDT genotypes, while in DS, no increase was recorded. Figure 4 shows the variation in the expression of the OsP5CS gene; higher the intensity of gel bands shows a higher level of the gene expression, and it is related to a higher peak of the graph. In DT genotypes, the increase in expression of OsP5CS was 24%, in MDT genotypes, expression was 33%, and in DS genotypes, expression was decreased by 1.7%.

4. Discussion

The success of a plant breeding program is highly associated with an efficient and fast germplasm screening protocol. These protocols are always needed by the plant breeders which are to meet the challenges of continuously changing climate. The unpredictable climate scenario fails the modern cultivars or even elite lines before these are released for general cultivation [42, 43]. These failed cultivars are needed to be replaced with the same speed as they are eliminated. To substitute the eliminated cultivars, rapid germplasm screening protocols are needed. In the present study, we reported that the pace of rice germplasm screening against drought stress can be increased by using the osmotic stress-induced change in proline contents, TAC, and the expression of OsP5CS in the radical and plumule of seeds as drought tolerance indicator traits. It was also observed that the morphological traits such as IR, SG, radical and plumule length, and fresh and dry weight were not able to screen drought-tolerant rice genotypes; therefore, these were not considered as efficient drought tolerance indicator traits. These morphological traits have extensively been used for the screening of germplasm [44–47]. But the present research has proved that these morphological traits are less effective than the biochemical traits for the rice germplasm screening against drought stress.

The importance of the proline as a marker for screening drought-responsive plant material has already been extensively acknowledged. When plants are exposed to water shortage, the production of proline increases. This increase sometimes reaches 100 times more than the normal synthesis rate [48–51]. We concluded that the drought-induced change in proline contents in radical and plumule can screen germplasm at the germination stage. We reported that the osmotic stress boosted TAC in radical and plumule of the DT genotypes which may be an efficient drought tolerance indicator trait for the rapid screening of germplasm. Similarly, the previous studies show that whenever drought-tolerant genotypes sense osmotic stress, their TAC increases and help them to scavenge the ROS [52, 53]. The third biochemical parameter for the screening of drought-responsive genotypes was MDA contents. The production of MDA indicates the damage to cell membranes. The drought-induced increase in MDA production has already been reported and considered as a criterion to estimate the cell membrane injuries [28, 48, 54]. We found that under osmotic stress, the MDA level in DS genotypes was higher than in MDT and DT genotypes. It was not considered as a good biochemical indicator trait as were proline and TAC because in some DT, MDT, and DS genotypes, the MDA contents were almost similar. Therefore, it was concluded that the changes in proline production and TAC are efficient drought tolerance indicator traits. Moreover, the DT genotypes selected based on these traits remain tolerant until maturity (Figure S2). In short, these traits have true potential to speed up the process of rice germplasm screening.

Semi-Q PCR-based expression study of proline producing gene OsP5CS has confirmed the role of proline for screening germplasm at the germination stage. The expression pattern was quite similar to the pattern of proline production accessed through biochemical analysis. Under osmotic stress, the expression was quite higher in DT and MDT genotypes than in DS genotypes. Similarly, the increase in the expression of OsP5CS has been reported in many plants, and it is cited that the expression of OsP5CS increases in plants under water shortages. This increase in expression helps plants to produce more proline which saves plants from the shocks of desiccation [48, 55]. Based on these experimental results, it was summarized that the syntheses of proline and TAC or the expressions of the OsP5CS gene in radical and plumule of rice seeds are best drought tolerance indicator traits and may serve the task of rapid and reliable screening of rice germplasm.

Data Availability

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Disclosure

The work described has not been published previously in any journal.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

MABS, RMI, and ZA conceived and designed the experiments. MABS and MSA performed the experiments. MABS, RMI, BF, MAS, and ZA analyzed the data. ZA contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools and involved in critical review and editing. MABS, BF, and MAS wrote the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for financing this research work, through Indigenous Fellowship (Pin No. 213-66438-2Av2-077 and project # 2161 and 2297). The authors also thank International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, National Agriculture Research Centre, Pakistan, and Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan, for providing rice germplasm.

Supplementary Materials

Table S1. Mean square of absolute values for various seedling traits of 606 rice genotypes grown in control and drought stress. Table S2. Mean square of absolute values for various germination traits of 20 rice genotypes grown in control and osmotic stress. Table S3. Mean square of absolute values for various seedling traits of 20 rice genotypes grown in control and drought stress. Table S4. Mean square of absolute values for various maturity traits of 20 rice genotypes grown in control and drought stress. Table S5. Forward and reverse primers of the genes under study. Figure S1. Biplots for the screening of rice germplasm. Biplot showing the gain in root length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh root weight (FRW), fresh shoot weight (FSW), dry root weight (DRW), and dry shoot weight (DSW) under control and drought environments. Figure S2. (a) Biplot for the genotypic evaluation at the seedling stage. It is showing the relationship between genotypes and traits including RL (root length), SL (shoot length), FRW (fresh root weight), FSW (fresh shoot weight), DRW (dry root weight), and DSW (dry shoot weight) under control and drought stress. (b) Biplot for the genotypic evaluation at the maturity stage. It is showing the relationship between genotypes and traits including fertile florets (FF), the number of tillers (Ti), plant total biomass (PTB), and 100-grain weight (100-GW) under control and drought stress. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2020 Muhammad Abu Bakar Saddique et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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