Mutagenesis and Identification of Sugarcane Mutants Using Survival on Polyethylene Glycol and Leaf Damage under Managed Water Stress

Weksanthia, Napa; Chaisan, Tanapon; Wannarat, Wannasiri; Chotchutima, Songyos; Jompuk, Peeranuch

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4387696

International Journal of Agronomy

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 4387696 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4387696

Mutagenesis and Identification of Sugarcane Mutants Using Survival on Polyethylene Glycol and Leaf Damage under Managed Water Stress

Napa Weksanthia,¹Tanapon Chaisan,^1,2Wannasiri Wannarat,¹Songyos Chotchutima,¹and Peeranuch Jompuk³

Academic Editor: Magdi Abdelhamid

Received26 Jul 2021

Revised26 Oct 2021

Accepted12 Nov 2021

Published07 Dec 2021

Abstract

Drought causes severe damage to sugarcane, reducing its product yield. Given Thailand’s weather conditions and topography, a breeding program to develop new sugarcane genotypes with a high tolerance for water stress is important to the sugarcane industry. This study created new water stress tolerant sugarcane genotypes using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis in the sugarcane cultivar Khon Kaen 3. Using 16 mM of EMS for 4 h induced callus mutagenesis (survival rate, 57.5%). The survival rates of calli treated with 10 mM of EMS for 2 and 4 h in selective media with 15% PEG were higher than that of non-EMS-treated calli. The selected calli survived and grew on selective media with 20% PEG, while non-EMS-treated calli did not grow. The mutant plantlets developed from EMS-treated calli on selective media with 20% PEG for 4 weeks had varying survival rates: 72.25% (10 mM of EMS for 2 h), 75.85% (10 mM of EMS for 4 h), and 60.61% (16 mM of EMS for 4 h). Both healthy mutant sugarcane plants (2,086) and non-mutant plants (234) were cultured on the media with 20% PEG for 16 weeks. Of these, 462 mutant sugarcane plantlets survived and developed on the media, but all the non-mutant sugarcane plantlets died during the selection process. Mutagenesis induced using treatment 4 produced the highest frequency of mutant sugarcane plantlets with water-stress tolerance (45.5%). In total, 136 selected mutant sugarcane plants were transplanted to a greenhouse for evaluation under managed water stress. Fourteen mutant sugarcane plants stayed green after the third cycle of water stress, but the KK3 sugarcane cultivar showed damage on 50% of the leaves. Thus, EMS mutagenesis and evaluation using in vitro and greenhouse methods were successful in developing new sugarcane clones with high water-stress tolerance, which is important for sugarcane breeding programs.

1. Introduction

Sugarcane is an economic crop that has a substantial impact on the economy of Thailand, where it is the primary raw material for the production of sugar used in many high-value products and downstream industries, including bioethanol and electricity production [1]. In 2020, Thailand ranked fourth in the world based on the volume of sugarcane produced (74.9 million tons). Drought is adversely affecting many of Thailand’s economic crops, including sugarcane. Cane production in 2020 was dropped approximately 43%, compared with the previous year, because of the drought [2]. Drought often occurs in the middle of Thailand’s sugarcane planting season, often having a devastating effect on yield as it reduces the number of shoots per clump and stunts the sugarcane stalks. Sugarcane farmers cannot avoid this annual period of drought because sugarcane grows over a span of 12–15 months. Therefore, a systematic breeding program to develop new drought-tolerant sugarcane varieties is essential. Inducing mutation has been shown to be a viable method to create genetic variations, and it was possible to create new sugarcane genotypes for breeding programs.

It is well-known that physical and chemical mutagenesis are efficient methods for inducing genetic variation, with gamma rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), sodium azide, and 5-azacytidine frequently being used to trigger mutations, thereby creating new plant characteristics [3]. EMS is a chemical mutagen with high mutagenesis efficiency, and in vitro mutagenesis using EMS has been reported as an effective method for creating variations in crop plants [4]. Mutagenesis through EMS has been used to induce imazapyr tolerance, high aluminum resistance, and salt tolerance in sugarcane [5–8], and it has been used to successfully induce new crop genotypes that are more drought tolerance [9]. Given the high potential of EMS to induce mutagenesis, this should be a realistic method to develop new sugarcane clones that can better tolerate water deficits and drought field conditions.

Plant callus cells are an efficient plant material to be used for inducing mutagenesis because target mutant calli can be selected on selective media [10]. Furthermore, selected plant mutant calli can regenerate plants on culture media, and the genetics of cells in a mutant plant regenerated from callus are identical to the mother plant [11]. For sugarcane propagation, cell and tissue cultures are efficient methods for increasing the number of target clones. Calli are usually induced from young leaves and segments of young leaves generally after initiation using different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) [12]. The maximum callus formation (80–85%) was observed in MS media containing 3 and 4 mg/l of 2,4-D [13]. Callus induction medium was reported on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-D, with the addition of water enhancing the growth of calli on this medium [14].

The regeneration of sugarcane calli can be controlled using 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), kinetin, and coconut water. In sugarcane, callus regeneration is highly efficient when plant growth regulators are combined and auxins and cytokinins are often used for supplementation in culture media for callus regeneration [15]. MS medium supplemented with NAA and BAP produced 98.9% regeneration in sugarcane variety CPF-246 [16], while kinetin and BAP could also regenerate plantlets in sugarcane [17].

Water-stress-tolerant plants can be examined and selected based on their capacity to survive on media supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to create conditions of water stress. PEG is a non-penetrating, inert, osmotic chemical that lowers the osmotic potential of nutrient solutions [18] and can be used to create water stress conditions on synthetic media. It can stimulate water stress in cultured plant cells without damaging the cells, and its high molecular weight reduces the potential of the water in the medium without the water being absorbed by the plant.

In vitro PEG selection for water-stress tolerance has been successful in many plants, such as rice [19] and sugarcane [20]. Selection for water-stress tolerance in sugarcane has been successful under managed water stress using physiological parameters and morphological parameters [21, 22]. Common morphological changes due to water stress that occur in sugarcane are leaf rolling, stomatal closure, inhibition of stalk and leaf growth, leaf senescence, and reduced leaf area [23]. However, morphological and physiological changes of sugarcane plants under water stress vary according to genotype, the level of stress, and the type of tissue [24, 25]. A leaf damage score under water stress was used for the identification of water-stress tolerance in other crops [26].

Khon Kaen 3 (KK3) is the most popular, commonly planted sugarcane variety in Thailand because of its yield performance. However, KK3 is not tolerant to severe water deficit conditions. The presented study applied EMS mutagenesis for the KK3 cultivar to induce new mutant sugarcane genotypes for water-deficit tolerance. The mutant sugarcane genotypes were evaluated in vitro under water deficit conditions at the callus and plantlet stages. After regeneration, the selected mutant sugarcane plants were evaluated in the greenhouse under managed water stress to identify mutant sugarcane plants that thrived despite the stress.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Callus Initiation

Calli were induced from the commercial sugarcane cultivar KK3 Saccharum spp. hybrids. Sterile shoot tips of KK3 were cut into slices approximately 3–5 mm thick and placed on MS medium supplemented with three different treatments: 3 mg/l 2,4-D, 3 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l BAP, or 3 mg/l 2,4-D + 10% coconut water. The sterilized explants were incubated in the dark at 25°C ± 2°C.

2.2. Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis

EMS mutagenesis was adapted from the methods described by Koch et al. [7]. Sugarcane calli were treated by EMS at 10 and 16 mM for 2 h and EMS at 16 mM for 4 h. After EMS mutagenesis, 0.4 g of callus (0.5 mm diameter) was cultured on callus culture medium and incubated in the dark at 25°C ± 2°C at a relative humidity of 40% for 2 weeks. Then, calli were subcultured every 2 weeks on the callus culture medium for 18 weeks and checked for calli that survived and grew. The survival rate and growth of EMS-treated calli were recorded.

2.3. Selection of Mutant Calli and Plantlets under Selective Media with PEG 15 or 20%

The optimal PEG concentration for the creation of conditions of water stress in selective media was examined for EMS-treated calli and plantlets. Non-EMS-treated calli and regenerated plantlets of the KK3 sugarcane cultivar were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of PEG 6000: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%. In total, 0.2 g of calli was cultured on selective media for 4 weeks. The survival rate and growth of non-EMS-treated calli were recorded to identify the most efficient PEG concentration for the creation of conditions of water stress.

Calli treated with EMS were cut into pieces (1.5 mm diameter) and placed on semisolid MS media containing 15% and then 20% PEG, each time for 3 weeks. The calli that survived these water stress conditions were selected and transferred to a callus culture media. The selected calli were incubated in the dark at 25°C ± 2°C for 3 weeks; then the calli were subcultured 2 times for 3 weeks each. The fresh weights of the selected calli were recorded.

After in vitro mutagenesis and the selection of water-stressed EMS-treated calli, the surviving calli were regenerated to mutant sugarcane plantlets for evaluation at the plantlet stage. The mutant calli were cultured on MS media, which were supplemented with 10% coconut water, 0.25 mg/l of NAA, and 0.5 mg/l of kinetin for shoot regeneration (Supplementary Table 1). Calli were incubated under cool, white fluorescent light for 16 h a day at 25°C ± 2°C for 4 weeks. Plantlets regenerated from EMS-treated calli were transferred to MS media without a plant growth regulator and incubated under cool, white fluorescent light for 16 h a day for 4 weeks.

Regenerated plantlets of the selected calli were cultured on MS media containing 20% PEG, followed by incubation under cool white fluorescent light for 16 h daily at 25°C ± 2°C for 16 weeks. The survival rate, number of shoots, number of roots, and root length were recorded.

2.4. Evaluation of Mutant Sugarcane under Managed Water Stress in Greenhouse

The mutant sugarcane plantlets were transplanted in a greenhouse for evaluation under managed water deficit conditions. The soil moisture was controlled using a wet sensor. After the plantlets had been transplanted for 1 month, the water stress conditions were managed by stopping the application of water that decreased the available soil moisture content to approximately 20% lower than field capacity. The mutant sugarcane plantlets were evaluated under these water stress conditions three times throughout the experimental period. Sugarcane plant leaf damage was scored using a modified method developed by Fen et al. [26]. The experiment was conducted using an augmented randomized complete block design (RCBD) for all three replications. The KK3 sugarcane cultivar was used as a control for the experiment. The mutant sugarcane clones for water-stress tolerance were identified by comparing their leaf damage scores with the leaf damage score of KK3.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The collected data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance for the experiments laid out in a completely randomized design and RCBD using the R program software [27]. Means between treatment were compared based on the least significant difference at (significant) and (highly significant).

3. Results

3.1. Callus Induction

Callus formation was discovered on leaf tissue after 7 days of culture on the callus induction media. The MS media supplemented with 3 mg/l of 2,4-D produced the highest rate of callus initiation (96.43%); the second-highest rate was observed in MS media supplemented with 3 mg/l of 2,4-D plus 15% coconut water (74.07%), as shown in Table 1. The lowest rate of callus induction was produced using the MS media supplemented with 3 mg/l of 2,4-D, and 0.5 mg/l of BAP (9.47%).

The calli on the MS media containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D were yellowish and watery, while the calli on the MS media supplemented with 3 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L of BAP were brown and watery. Calli induced on MS media supplemented with 3 mg/L of 2,4-D plus 15% of coconut water were mixed, being somewhat yellow and white in color (Supplementary Figure 1). Both friable and compact calli were found on the culture media. The biggest callus was on the MS media containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D plus 15% coconut water, with the average size of the callus in this treatment being 0.8 cm in diameter.

3.2. EMS Mutagenesis

The survival rates of calli from the EMS mutagenesis treatments and the control were significantly different and varied from 57.5 to 100% (Table 2). The highest survival rates at 100% were for the calli from EMS-induced mutagenesis with 10 mM EMS for 2 h. Friable callus formation was different in each EMS mutagenesis treatment. The lowest average survival rate was in the treatment of 16 mM of EMS for 4 h. The treatment of 16 mM of EMS for 4 h produced less than 20% friable callus formation (Table 2).

3.3. In Vitro Evaluation of EMS-Treated Calli under Water Stress Conditions

Non-EMS-treated sugarcane calli were cultured on MS media containing PEG 6000 concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% for 3 weeks. The results showed that the growth of calli decreased when the PEG concentration increased (Supplementary Figure 2). Concentrations of PEG significantly affected the callus fresh weight compared to the initial callus fresh weight of 0.6 g. The highest callus fresh weight was 1.13 g (188.33% of the initial weight) for callus cultured on the medium without PEG. The calli cultured on MS medium with PEG concentrations of 5 and 10% had slow growth, with fresh weights after culture under the water stress conditions being 0.94 and 0.76 g, respectively. The growth of calli was inhibited on MS medium with 15% PEG, and the callus fresh weight after the treatment did not differ from the initial weight of 0.6 g. The calli cultured on MS medium with 20% PEG concentration decreased the fresh weight from 0.6 to 0.56 g, with a decline in fresh weight of 6.67%. The callus fresh weights of MS medium supplemented with 25 and 30% of PEG were 0.52 and 0.41 g, respectively, with decreasing rates of 13.33 and 31.67%, respectively. According to this finding, the MS media containing 15 and 20% of PEG were used for screening mutant calli for water-deficit tolerance.

Evaluation of EMS-treated calli on the MS media containing 15% of PEG for 4 weeks showed a progressively decreasing weight (Table 3). The weights of the EMS-treated calli in the three treatments and the control on MS media containing 15% of PEG were significantly different. Evaluation of calli on the MS media containing 15% PEG for 6 weeks revealed that the weight of the EMS-treated calli was higher than for non-EMS-treated calli. The weight of the EMS-treated calli ranged from 4.61 to 2.57 g, while the non-EMS-treated callus had the lowest callus weight (0.34 g), as shown in Figure 1.

Selected EMS-treated calli from the MS media containing 15% of PEG were cultured on MS media containing 20% PEG for 4 weeks. The weight of EMS-treated calli after culture on the media differed significantly. The weight of EMS-treated calli for each treatment on the MS media with 20% PEG was lower than those on the selective medium with 15% PEG. The selected EMS-treated calli from a selective medium with 15% PEG could survive on selective media with 20% PEG, while the control could not survive on the selective media after only 1 month of culture on the media. The weight of EMS-treated calli ranged from 2.47 to 1.53 g (Figure 2).

3.4. Mutant Plantlet Regeneration and Evaluation under Water Stress Conditions

The number of mutant calli regenerated to plantlets did not differ significantly in the four treatments (Table 4). However, significant differences were found in the average number of regenerated plantlets among the four EMS treatments. Mutant calli treated with 16 mM of EMS for 4 h produced the highest mean number of regenerated plantlets (50.13), while non-EMS-treated calli produced the lowest (18.00).

Mutant sugarcane plantlets regenerated from the EMS-treated calli and plantlets of KK3 cultivar were evaluated on MS media with 20% PEG for 4 weeks. The average numbers of roots were significantly different (Table 4). Furthermore, the survival rates of the mutant sugarcane varied noticeably: mutant plantlets from 10 mM of EMS for 2 h (72.25%), 10 mM of EMS for 4 h (75.85%), and 16 mM of EMS for 4 h (60.61%; Table 4). The lowest survival rate of sugarcane plants on selective media was recorded for non-mutant sugarcane plants (39.78%). All the mutant plantlets on the selection media with 20% PEG for 16 weeks survived; however, all the non-mutant sugarcane plantlets died.

In total, 136 sugarcane mutant genotypes were transplanted for evaluation under managed water stress conditions in a greenhouse. Damaged leaf areas were not visible after the first cycle of water stress. However, by the third cycle of water stress, damaged leaf areas were easily visible to the naked eye. Leaf damage scores after the third cycle of water stress were ranked from 0 to 10; the leaf damage score for KK3 (non-mutant) was 5.9. Leaf damage among the samples differed significantly. Out of the 136 sugarcane mutant genotypes, 14 mutant plants were evaluated with leaf damage scores lower than those of KK3. These 14 mutant sugarcane plants had leaf damage scores ranging from 0 to 0.8 (Figure 3).

4. Discussion

Compact and friable calli were discovered in equal proportions on the MS media containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D + 10% () coconut water, which was consistent with the findings of Patel [28]. Most of the calli induced on MS media containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D were compact calli, which are difficult to regenerate in plantlets [29]. The MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D plus coconut water has been used effectively in other research studies to induce friable calli in sugarcane [30–32]. Thus, MS medium containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D + 10% coconut water () was recommended for callus induction media to prepare calli for EMS mutagenesis.

Concentrations of EMS at 10.00–32.25 mM were used successfully to induce mutations in sugarcane [33]. However, the best conditions for EMS mutagenesis of the sugarcane cultivar KK3 were required to initiate genetic variation. Calli treated with 16 mM of EMS for 4 h resulted in the death of nearly 50% of the plants. The most suitable conditions for EMS mutagenesis of the KK3 sugarcane calli were 16 mM of EMS for 4 h, which was in agreement with Koch et al. [7].

Water stress on selective media using PEG is an efficient method for screening calli for water-stress tolerance [34, 35]. If mutant calli can adjust their cell water potential under conditions of water deficit, then the mutant calli will be able to survive on the selective medium containing PEG [36]. Concentrations of PEG at 5 and 10% slowed the growth of calli, while PEG concentrations of 15 or 20% inhibited the growth of calli and the cells died within 8 weeks of culture. PEG concentrations of 25 and 30% decreased the weight of calli after the first week of culture, with most calli cultured on the media not surviving after culture for 4 weeks. PEG concentrations at 25 or 30% were too high to evaluate for water-stress tolerance. Therefore, PEG concentrations of 15 or 20% were used as selective media for evaluating the water-stress tolerance of EMS-treated calli.

In the present study, some of the mutant calli could develop on the selective medium supplemented with 15 or 20% of PEG, respectively. Non-EMS-treated calli could not survive on the same selective medium supplemented with 15 or 20% of PEG. The study determined that the selected EMS-treated calli were tolerant to water stress.

The water stress-tolerant calli were regenerated to plantlets, and the plantlets were evaluated under conditions of water deficit using MS media supplemented with 20% PEG to confirm their tolerance. Mutant sugarcane plantlets regenerated from selected mutant calli survived on selective media containing 20% PEG, while non-mutant plantlets of sugarcane cultivar KK3 died under conditions of water deficit after culture on selective media. During this process of assessing the water-stress tolerance of plantlets, a group of mutant plantlets was identified that could survive on the selective media after culture for 16 weeks, while the non-mutant plantlets all died after culture on the selective media for 16 weeks. These results confirmed that the selected mutant plantlets on selective media were tolerant to water stress. Furthermore, the results indicated that in vitro evaluation of water-stress tolerance on MS media supplemented with 20% PEG was a highly effective screening method.

The mutant sugarcane clones presented damaged leaf areas in the third cycle of drought stress and scoring the water-stress tolerance of each clone could carry out using visual inspection, while the second cycle of drought produced small dry areas on the sugarcane leaves. This could have been due to the root H₂O₂ concentration in the third cycle of water stress being higher than in the first and second cycles; consequently, the accumulation of H₂O₂ in roots in the third cycle resulted in root damage [22]. Reduced leaf area is a common response of plants when plant roots are damaged under water stress conditions [37]. The damaged leaf areas in the third cycle were categorized based on the level of water-stress tolerance of each clone, allowing leaf damage scoring to be applied as an efficient and economical method for the selection of tolerance to water stress in sugarcane clones under managed water stress conditions [38].

The water stress evaluation in the greenhouse confirmed that the in vitro-selected mutant sugarcane clones of the present study were tolerant to serious water stress conditions based on their damaged leaf area. Fourteen mutant sugarcane plants stayed green under serious water stress, but the KK3 cultivar presented approximately 50% leaf damage. Under conditions of water stress on selective media with PEG, the mutant sugarcane plantlets selected for their water-stress tolerance may have had mechanisms to adjust the cell water potential or to protect against cell damage, while the susceptible clones were unable to adapt to water stress and eventually died [39–41]. The findings in this study were consistent with other studies that mutant plants presented mechanisms to overcome conditions of dehydration [42, 43]. However, only 14 sugarcane mutant plants presented leaf damage scores lower than those of KK3 under serious water stress in a greenhouse. The mutant sugarcane plants evaluated under water stress for 3 cycles displayed high levels of root damage because of the high accumulation of H₂O₂ in roots, and only sugarcane mutants with defense mechanisms against oxidative damage in root tissue could survive the stress conditions [22, 38]. The results of the present study indicated that the 14 mutant sugarcane plants contained mechanisms to overcome conditions of dehydration and had defense mechanisms against oxidative damage in roots. These 14 mutant sugarcane plants will be utilized as sources of sugarcane germplasm for breeding sugarcane with water-stress tolerance in Thailand.

5. Conclusions

EMS mutagenesis was applied to induce mutation in the KK3 sugarcane cultivar. Using 3 steps of water stress evaluation (at the calli, plantlet, and seedling stages), 14 out of 136 selected mutant sugarcane plants were confidently identified as new sugarcane clones with water-stress tolerance. The 14 sugarcane mutants survived on selective media supplemented with 15% or 20% PEG and stayed green even after the third cycle of water stress conditions in a greenhouse; in contrast, the popular Thai KK3 sugarcane cultivar presented 50% damaged leaf areas. During the greenhouse evaluation of the mutant sugarcane plants based on their water-stress tolerance, tolerance was categorized by scoring the damaged leaf area on each plant after the third cycle of water stress.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute provided resources to carry out this study at Kasetsart University. This work was supported by the Thailand Research Fund (grant no. 2557NRCT53970) and the Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, under the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table 1: regeneration media of sugarcane calli for determining shoot regeneration, number of plantlets, and plantlet development. Supplementary Figure 1: effect of callus induction media on callus induction and characteristics. Supplementary Figure 2: evaluation of different polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations for growth and development of ethyl-methanesulfonate-treated calli. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2021 Napa Weksanthia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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