Research Article
Supply-Side Practices and Constraints of the Kola Nut (Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. and Endl.) Value Chain in Ghana: A Descriptive Evidence
Table 6
Pests/insects and diseases of kola cultivation.
| | Variable | Level | Frequency | Percentage |
| | Major pests/insects affecting kola cultivation (multiple responses, N = 290) | Ants (red and black) | 83 | 51.9 | | Worms (“Nkontia”) | 44 | 27.5 | | Mistletoes | 113 | 70.6 | | Stem borers | 17 | 10.6 | | Grasshoppers | 1 | 0.6 | | Other epiphytes | 31 | 19.4 | | Termites | 1 | 0.6 |
| | How pests/insects are managed (N = 171) | Cutting off affected part or tree | 80 | 46.8 | | Applying chemicals (e.g., use of confidor, Akate Master, and ashes) | 18 | 10.5 | | Both (cultural and chemical means) | 18 | 10.5 | | None (not managed) | 55 | 32.2 |
| | Major diseases affecting kola cultivation (N = 188) | “Jerry” (curled leaves) | 22 | 11.7 | | “Turu” (black spots on nuts and rot inside the nuts) | 8 | 4.3 | | Cannot tell disease name but symptoms (abnormal reddening of leaves, die-back, empty and prematured falling of pods, etc.) | 17 | 9.0 | | None (no disease affects kola) | 42 | 22.3 | | Do not know (whether or not there is any disease) | 99 | 52.7 |
| | How diseases are managed (N = 47) | Cutting off affected part or tree or discarding affected nuts | 16 | 34.0 | | Spraying of chemical (insecticides-confidor, Akate Master) | 2 | 4.3 | | None (not managed) | 29 | 61.7 |
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