Review Article

A Brief Review of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Allopurinol in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Matrices

Table 2

HPLC/UPLC methods for the determination of allopurinol.

S. no.DrugsPharmaceutical or biological matrixStationary phaseChromatographic conditionsLinearity (μg/ml)Wavelength (nm)Ref.

1ALLP and LSDTabletZorbax C18 (4.6 × 150 mm × 5 μm), injection volume = 10 μLMethanol: Phosphate buffer pH 3.9 (55 : 45v/v), flow rate = 1.0 mL min−1100–500 μg mL−1 for ALLP and 1–5 μg mL−1 for LSD255[25]

2ALLP and LSDTabletInertsil ODS (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 mm), injection volume = 20 μLTrifluoroacetic acid: methanol (40 : 60v/v), flow rate = 1.0 mL min−130–150 μg mL−1 for ALLP and 20–100 μg mL−1 for LSD255[26]

3ALLP and OXPHuman plasmaReversed-phase LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column (5 m; 250 × 4 mm; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), flow rate = 1.0 mL min−1, injection volume = 40 μL0.02 M sodium acetate adjusted with acetic acid 30% to pH 4.5, flow rate = 1.0 mL min−10.5–10 mg L−1 for ALLP and 1.0–40 mg L−1 for OXP254[27]

4ALLP and LPATabletReversed-phase, Enable C18 G (250X4.6X5), injection volume = 20 μLAcetonitrile: 0.02 M ammonium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.6 in the proportion of 50 : 50 v/v, flow rate = 0.8 mL min−150–175 μg mL−1 for both drugs210[28]

5ALLPTabletC8 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm), injection volume = 10 μL70% buffer solution (monobasic ammonium phosphate 0.05 M with 30% acetonitrile and methanol 1 : 1), flow rate = 1 mL min−110–50 μg mL−1250[29]

6ALLP and KTZCapsuleInertSustain® C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm) x 3 μm, injection volume = 20 μLAcetonitrile: water (52 : 48 v/v) with pH adjusted to 3.0, flow rate of 0.45 mL min−12.0 to 16.0 μg mL−1 for ALLP and 1.0 to 15.0 μg mL−1 for KTZALLP at 250, KTZ at 225[30]

7ALLP, OXP, and UAUrine and serumRP (PerkinElmer RP-8, 10 pm, 250 × 4.6 mm), injection volume = 20 μL0.025 M phosphate buffer pH 6.1 with 6–8% of methanol, flow rate of 1.5 mL min−12–2000 ng in all matrices+1.2 V vs. SCE for voltammetry, +0.24 V vs. Ag/AgCl for polarography,[31]

8ALLP and OXPHuman plasma and urineStainless steel tubes 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) OD, 4.5 mm ID, 30 mm and 70 mm long, packed with Aminex A-27 (12–15 μm) anion-exchange resinAmmonium acetate pH 8.7 at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1For ALLP, 0.068–1.36 μg mL−1, 0.68–136 μg mL−1; for OXP, 0.076–15.2 μg mL−1, 15.2–304 μg mL−1 in plasma and urine, respectively254[32]

9ALLP and OXPHuman serumC18 (particle size 10 μm, Waters co., Milford, MA, USA)2% (v/v) acetonitrile solution-100 mm potassium phosphate (pH 4·0) and 0·5 mm tetra-n‐butylammonium hydrogen sulphateFor ALLP, 0·5–5·0 μg mL−1; for OXP, 0·4–20  μg mL−1260[33]

10HPX XN, ALLP, OXP, and UAUrineHPLC: C18 Altex Model 310 (Altex Instruments, Berkeley, Calif.), GC: SE-30 (4% on 100/120 mesh SUPELCOPORT) glass column, 0.2 × 180 cmHPLC: acetonitrile-buffer (1 : 1), GC: nitrogen as carrier gas at 20 mL min−140 to 500 μg mL−1 for all samples254 and 280[34]

11ALLP, OXP, HPX, XNUrine and human plasmaODS column (15 cm × 4.6 mm ID) and the precolumn (5 cm × 4.6 mm ID)0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH adjusted to 3.65 with orthophosphoric acid0.15 to 20 mg L−1 for ALLP and OXP; 0.50 to 50 μmol L−1 for HPX and XN254[35]

12ALLP, OXPHuman plasma100 mm × 4.6 m ID and slurry packed with 5 μm Hypersil ODS20 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate, pH 2.0 with orthophosphoric acid0·05–5·0 μg mL−1 for both drugs254[36]