|
| Diagnosis | Design | Number | Outcome | Intervention/Measure | Results |
|
| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY |
|
| Baum et al. [24] | Mild Dementia (mean MMSE 21/30) | RCT | 20 | Cognition | Strength training or recreational therapy 6 months | Improved MMSE with physical activity |
| Van de Winkel et al. [25] | Severe Dementia (mean MMSE 13/30) | RCT | 15 | Cognition | Physical activity + music or conversation 3 months | Improved MMSE with physical activity |
| Weuve et al. [33] | Healthy women | Prospective cohort Nerses’ Health Study | 766 | Cognition | Physical activity and walking | Better cognitive function/less cognitive decline with physical activity and walking |
| Stevens and Killeen [26] | Mild and Severe Dementia (MMSE 9-23/30) | RCT | 75 | Clock drawing test | Physical activity or social visit or none | Slower cognitive decline with physical activity |
| Lautenschlager et al. [27] | Subjective memory impairment | RCT | 308 | Dementia | Education and usual care versus physical activity for 6 mos | (Modest) Cognitive improvement at 18 mos |
| Brown et al. [28] | Healthy subjects | RCT | 134 | Cognition | Balance versus general training | Cognitive improvement at 6 months |
| Verghese et al. [29] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 469 | Dementia | Physical activity versus Leisure/Cognitive Activity | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Abbott et al. [30] | Healthy subjects | Prospective cohort Honolulu Asia Aging | 2257 | Dementia | Physical activity, walking | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Larson et al. [31] | Healthy subjects | Prospective cohort | 1740 | Dementia | Physical exercise | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Cassilhas et al. [32] | Healthy subjects | RCT | 62 | Cognition | Moderate or High-level resistance training | Improvement of cognition with both levels of resistance training |
|
| SOCIAL, COGNITIVE AND LEISURE ACTIVITY |
|
| Scarmeas et al. [36] | Healthy subjects | Prospective cohort | 1772 | Dementia | Leisure activities | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Wang et al. [37] | Healthy subjects Kungsholmen project | Prospective cohort | 152 | Dementia | Intellectual and social stimulation | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Verghese et al. [29] | Healthy subjects | Prospective cohort | 469 | Dementia | Leisure activities | Decreased risk for dementia |
| Karp et al. [38] | Healthy subjects Kungsholmen project | Prospective cohort | 776 | Dementia | Mental, physical or social activity versus two or more | Decreased risk for dementia with increasing number of activities |
| Verghese et al. [35] | Healthy subjects of the Bronx Aging Study | Prospective cohort | 437 | Amnestic MCI | Leisure activities | Decreased risk for MCI with increasing number of activities |
| Willis et al. [39] | Healthy subjects | RCT | 2832 | Cognition | Verbal episodic memory training versus Inductive reasoning training versus visual search and identification training versus no training | Improved cognition with any training type |
| Helzner et al. [40] | AD | Prospective cohort | 287 | Cognition | Leisure activities | No association |
| Wilson et al. [41] | Healthy subjects from Rush Memory and Aging Project | Prospective cohort | 770 | MCI | Cognitive activities | Decreased risk for MCI with increased cognitive activity |
| Karp et al. [42] | Healthy subjects Kungsholmen project | Prospective cohort | 931 | Dementia | Work complexity | Decreased risk for dementia with increasing work complexity |
| Healthy subjects Kungsholmen project | Prospective cohort | 506 | Dementia | Neuroticism and extraversion | Decreased risk for dementia with low neuroticism and high extraversion |
|
| NUTRITION |
|
| Barberger-Gateau et al. [43] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 8085 | Dementia | Fruit and vegetable intake versus fish and omega-3 fat | Decreased risk for dementia with high fruit, vegetable, fish and omega-3 fat intake |
| Luchsinger et al. [44] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 980 | AD | Daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, fats and proteins | Increased risk for AD with increased caloric and fat intake |
|
Morris et al. [45] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 1718 | Cognition | High versus low fruit and vegetable intake | Slower cognitive decline with high vegetable intake |
| Scarmeas et al. [46, 47] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 2258 | AD | Adherence to Mediterranean diet versus no adherence | Decreased risk for AD with increased adherence to Mediterranean diet |
|
Morris et al. [45] | Healthy subjects | Prospective Cohort | 1041 | AD | Nutritional folate, B12, B6 vitamins | No association |
|
