cNEUPRO: Novel Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Table 1

List of candidate biomarkers investigated in the context of cNEUPRO. CON: control patient, AD: Alzheimer’s Disease, OD: other dementia, VaD: vascular dementia, MCI: Mild cognitive impairment, sCJD: sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, FTLD: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies.

Biomarker candidate	Context/Function	Method	Patients	$n$	Result	Ref.
Investigated CSF candidate biomarkers for AD related to APP processing
A${\beta }_{1\text{-}42/1\text{-}38}$ ratio	APP processing	ELISA/MSD	CON	30
			AD	44	Reduced in AD	[34]
			OD	87
A${{\beta }_{1\text{-}40}}^{\text{ox}}$	APP processing	Western blot	CON	30
			AD	30	Elevated in AD	[35]
			VaD	37
sAPP	APP processing	Luminex	MCI	81	Elevated sAPPα/β in
			AD	69	patients with elevated	[41]
			OD	38	tau and reduced A${\beta }_{1\text{-}42}$
APP/A$\beta$	APP processing	LC-MS	CON	3	Elevated in AD	[43]
			AD	3
12 kDa sAPP	APP processing	LC-FTICR-MS	CON	6	Elevated in AD	[42]
			AD	5
		Western blot	CON	6	Elevated in AD	[42]
			AD	6
Investigated CSF candidate biomarkers for AD not related to APP processing
GFAP	Marker for astrogliosis	ELISA	CON	12
			AD	18	Elevated in AD	[46]
			sCJD	22
Total protein	Neuro-inflammation	ELISA	CON	18	No difference between	[48]
carbonylation			AD	22	AD and CON
3-nitrotyrosine	Neuro-inflammation	ELISA	CON	18	No difference	[48]
			AD	22	between AD and CON
ERK 1/2	MAP-Kinase		MCI	9
		western blot/electrochemi-luminescence	AD	4	Pilot study, no statistics	[44]
			FTLD	2
Investigated CSF candidate biomarkers for other dementias
S100B	Marker for astrogliosis	ELISA	CON	12
			AD	18	Elevated in sCJD	[46]
			sCJD	22
TDP-43	DNA binding protein	Western blot	CON	13
			FTLD	12	Elevated in FTLD	[67]
			ALS	15	and ALS
			ALS+FTLD	9
85 kDa protein	Unknown	2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF	CON	6
			AD	24	Elevated in sCJD	[54]
			sCJD	36
			DLB	6
Ubiquitin	Protein degradation	LC-MS/WB	CON	32
			sCJD	32	Elevated in sCJD	[55]
			OD	31
$\alpha$-Mannosidase	Lysosomal Hydrolase	Enzyme activity assay	CON	23
			AD	20	Reduced in all	[79]
			FTLD	20	dementias
			DLB	17
$\beta$-Glucocerebrosidase	Lysosomal; Hydrolase	Enzyme activity assay	CON	23
			AD	20	Reduced in DLB	[79]
			FTLD	20
			DLB	17