Membrane Incorporation, Channel Formation, and Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Protein

Table 1

Characteristics of amyloidogenic proteins and the related peptides.

Disease	Amyloidogenic protein or its fragment peptide and the primary sequence	β-sheet formation	Cytotoxicity	Channel formation	[Ca^2+]i rise
Alzheimer’s disease	Aβ P(1–40)
	DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAE	+	+	+	+
	DVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVV
	Aβ P(40-1)
	VVGGVMLGIIAGKNSGVDEAFFV	–	–	–	–
	LKQHHVEYGSDHRFEAD
	Aβ P(25-35)
	DVGSNKGAII	+	+	+	+
	Aβ P(1–42)
	DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDV	+	+	+	+
	GSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA
Prion disease	PrP106–126 (prion protein fragment)
	KTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLG	+	+	+	+
	Scramble PrP106–126
	NGAKALMGGHGATKVMVGAAA	–	–	–	–
Parkinson’s disease; (DLB; diseases with Lewy bodies)	𝛼-synuclein NAC (a fragment of 𝛼-synuclein)
	EQVTNVGGAVVTGVTAVAQKTVEGAGSIAAA  TGFV	+	+	+	+
Triplet-repeat disease	Polyglutamine
	QQQQQQQQ—	+	+	+	n.d.
Diabetes mellitus	Human amylin
	KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY	+	+	+	+
	Rat amylin
	KCNTATCATQRLANFLVRSSNNLGPVLPPTNVGSNTY	–	–	–	–
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid	Calcitonin
	CGNLSTCMLGTYTQDFNKFHTFPQTAIGVGAP	+	+	+	+

n.d.: not determined.