|
Proposed substrate | Target residue(s) | Priming residue (kinase) | Effect of phosphate | Ref |
|
Amyloid precursor protein | Thr743 (APP770) |
ND | Regulates trafficking | [27–29] |
Thr668 (APP695) |
APC | 1501 | 1505 (CK1) | Regulates degradation | [30, 31] |
1503 | 1507 (CK1) | |
ATP-citrate lyase | Thr446, Ser450 | Ser454 (unknown) | May regulate activity | [32, 33] |
Axin | Ser322/Ser326 (putative) | Ser330 | Regulates stability | [34, 35] |
Axil | Not Determined | | Not reported | [36] |
BCL-3 | Ser394, | Ser398 (ERK putative) | Regulates degradation | [37] |
Ser398 (putative) | |
β-catenin | Ser33, 37, Thr41 | Ser45 (CK1) | Regulates degradation | [34] |
δ-catenin | Thr1078 (putative) | ND | Regulates degradation | [38] |
C/EBPalpha | Thr222, Thr226 (Questioned) | NONE | NONE | [39, 40] |
C/EBPbeta | Ser184, Thr179 | Thr188 (MAPK) | Induces DNA binding Reduces DNA binding | [41] |
Thr189, Ser185, Ser181, Ser177 | NONE | [42] |
Ci-155 | Ser852, | Ser856 (PKA) | Regulates Degradation | [43, 44] |
Ser884, 888 | Ser892 (PKA) | |
CLASP | Residues between 594 and 614 | | Alters affinity for microtubules | [45, 46] |
CLASP2 | Ser533 and Ser537 (others) | Ser541 (CDK5) | Affects protein-protein interaction | [47] |
CRMP2 | Thr509, Thr514, Ser518 | Ser522 (CDK5) | Regulates axon growth, growth cone collapse, and neuronal polarity | [48, 49] |
CRMP4 | Thr509, Thr514, Ser518 | Ser522 | Regulates axon outgrowth and chromosomal alignment | [48, 50] |
CREB | Ser129 | Ser133 (PKA) | Kinase activation | [51, 52] |
CRY2 | Ser553 | Ser557 | Promotes nuclear localisation and degradation | [53] |
CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase | Multiple, within C-term 52 residues | ? | No effect on activity | [54] |
Cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) | Ser571 | Ser575 | Phosphorylation may reduce activity | [55] |
Cyclin D1 |
Thr286 |
NONE | Nuclear export and degradation | [56] |
Questioned | [57] |
Dynamin I | Thr774 | Thr778 (CDK5) | Required for activity dependent bulk endocytosis | [58] |
Dystrophin | ND | CKII ? | Not reported | [59] |
eIF2B | Ser535 | Ser539 (DYRK) | Inhibits activity | [60–62] |
FAK | Ser722 | Ser726 | Inhibits activity | [63] |
Gephyrin | Ser270 | ND | Modulates GABAergic transmission | [64] |
Glycogen Synthase | Ser640, 644, 648, 652 | Ser656 (CKII) | Reduces activity | [65, 66] |
Glucocorticoid receptor | Thr171 (Not conserved in human protein) | NONE | Inhibits GR activity towards some genes | [67] |
Heat shock factor 1 | Ser303 | Ser307 (MAPK) | Reduces DNA binding | [68] |
HIF1alpha | Ser551, Thr555, Ser589 | ND | Induces proteosomal degradation | [69] |
Histone H1.5 | Thr10 | NONE | Coincides with chromosome condensation | [70] |
hnRNP D | Ser83 | Ser87 | Inhibits transactivation | [71] |
IRS1 | Ser332 | Ser336 | Promotes degradation | [72] |
c-jun, Jun B, Jun D | Thr239 | Thr243 | Reduces DNA binding | [73–75] |
K-casein | ND | ND | Not reported | [76] |
KRP (telokin) | Ser15 | Unknown site but ERK2 proposed | Not reported | [77] |
LRP6 | C-terminal PPPT/SP motifs (Ser1490, Thr1572, Ser1590) | NONE | Not clear | [78, 79] |
MafA | Multiple sites, not identified | ND | Phosphorylation induces MafA degradation and prevents insulin gene expression | [80] |
MAP1B | Ser1260, Thr1265 | NONE |
Regulates stability (lithium promotes degradation) | [81–83] |
Ser1388 | Ser1392 (DYRK) |
MAP2C | Thr1620, Thr1623 | ND |
Reduces microtubule binding | [84] |
MARK2/PAR1 | Ser212 | NONE | Regulates activity | [85, 86] |
Mcl1 | Ser140 | Thr144 (JNK) | Permits degradation of Mcl1 in response to UV stress | [87–89] |
Mdm2 | Ser240, Ser254 | Ser244, Ser258 (CK1) | Promotes activity towards p53, reducing p53 levels | [90] |
MITF | Ser298 | NONE | Increases transactivation | [91] |
MLK3 | Ser789, Ser793 | ND | Activates MLK3 Induces apoptosis in PC2 cells | [92] |
MUC1/DF3 | Ser40 (possible) | Ser44 (possible) | Inhibits formation of b-catenin-E-cadherin complex | [93] |
c-myb | Thr572 | ND | Not clear | [94, 95] |
c-myc, L-myc | Thr58, Thr62 (c-myc) | Ser62 (ERK1/2) | Promotes degradation | [96–98] |
Myocardin | 8 serines in two blocks, Ser455—467 and Ser624—636 | Yes but kinase not reported | Phosphorylation inhibits myocardin induced transcription | [99] |
αNAC (nascent polypeptide associated complex) | Thr159 | NONE | Induces transactivation, maybe stability | [100] |
NDRG1 | Thr342, Ser352, Thr362 | Thr346, Thr356, Thr366 (SGK) | Not reported | [101] |
neurofilament L | Ser502, 506, 603, 666 (M) |
ND |
Not reported | [102] |
neurofilament M | Ser493 (H) | [103] (M) |
neurofilament H | | [104] (H) |
NFAT | SRR domain | ND | Induces nuclear exclusion, inhibits DNA binding | [105–107] |
SP-2 domain | PKA or DYRK |
SP-3 domain | PKA |
Ngn2 | 231 and 234 | ND | Facilitates interaction with LIM TFs, involved in motor neuron determination | [108] |
Notch 1C | ND | | Stabilises protein | [109] |
Nrf2 | ND | | Inhibits activity by nuclear exclusion | [110, 111] |
OMA1 | Thr339 | Thr239 (MBK-2) | Induces degradation | [112] |
p130Rb | Ser948 | Ser952 |
Regulates stability | |
Ser962 | Ser966 | [113] |
Ser982 | Thr986 all CDK putative | |
p21 CIP1 | Thr57 | ND | Induces degradation | [114] |
p27Kip1 | Not fully established | ND | Regulates stability | [115] |
p53 | Ser33 (GSK3beta only) | Ser37 (DNA-PK) | Increases transcriptional activity | [116] |
Ser315, Ser376 | ND | Increases cytoplasmic localisation, degradation, inhibits apoptosis | [117] |
p65 RelA | Multiple, including Ser468 | ND | Negatively regulates basal activity | [118, 119] |
PITK | Ser1013 | Ser1017 (CAMKII) | Induces nuclear localization and possibly interaction with PP1C | [120] |
Polycystin-2 | Ser76 | Ser80 | Regulates localisation, enhanced in polycystic kidney disease | [121] |
PSF- Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated-splicing factor | Thr687 | NONE | Regulates interaction with TRAP-150, and CD45 alternative splicing in T cells | [122] |
Presenilin-1 | Ser397, Ser401 |
NONE | Reduces interaction with β-catenin | [123] |
Ser353, Ser357 | [124] |
Protein phosphatase1 G-subunit | Ser38, 42 (human) | Ser46 (PKA or p90RSK) | Not clear | [125] |
Protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 | Thr72 | Ser86 (CKII) | Inhibits inhibitor, thereby activating PP1 | [11, 126, 127] |
PTEN | Ser362, Thr366 | Ser370 (CK2) | Possibly inhibits activity | [128] |
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase | ND | | Inhibits activity | [129] |
RCN1 (yeast calcineurn regulatory protein-calcipressin) | Ser113 | Ser117 | Regulates cacineurin signaling | [130] |
SC35 | ND | Probably | Redistributes this splicing factor | [131] |
SKN-1 | Ser393, (maybe Ser389 and Thr385) | Ser397 | Inhibits activity | [132] |
SMAD3 | Thr66 | ND | Regulates stability | [133] |
Snail | Ser97, 101, 108, 112, 116, 120 | ND | Regulates degradation and nuclear exclusion (antitumourogenic) | [134] |
SREBP1c (processed fragment) | Thr426, Ser430 | ND | Promotes degradation | [135] |
Stathmin | Ser31 | ND | Slight induction of depolymerisation of microtubules | [136] |
Tau | Multiple including Ser208, Thr231, 235 |
Thr212 (DYRK) | Some phosphorylation sites regulate microtubule binding | [62, 137, 138] |
Ser396 |
Ser404, others? | [139] |
TSC2 | Ser1341, Ser1337 | Ser1345 (AMPK) | Activates TSC2 to inhibit mTOR | [140] |
VDAC | Thr51 | Thr55 | Modulates interaction with HKII in mitochondrial membrane | [141] |
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) | Ser68 | Ser72 (CKI) | Regulation of MT stabilization | [142] |
Zcchc8 | Thr492 | ND | ND | [143] |
|