A Warning Index Used in Prescreening for Alzheimer’s Disease, Based on Self-Reported Cognitive Deficits and Vascular Risk Factors for Dementia in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Demographic and clinical profile of study participants.
Diabetic subjects
Nondiabetic subjects
AD
CN
AD
CN
Number
25
261
30
125
Age (years)
78.6 (5.8)*
72.7 (5.6)
77.5 (6.3)
72.6 (4.6)
Female (%)
68.0*
50.2
80.0#
50.4
Education (years)
9.3 (2.0)*
11.9 (3.0)
11.0 (2.5)
12.5 (3.0)
BMI (kg/m2)
23.2 (4.6)
23.0 (3.4)
21.7 (2.2)#
23.6 (4.2)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
127.0 (16.0)
130.0 (13.3)
126.6 (17.3)
128.6 (15.7)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
60.0 (15.1)*
70.0 (9.4)
58.5 (16.0)#
72.0 (9.0)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
197.8 (43.7)
206.1 (30.0)
214.4 (34.1)
196.1 (29.8)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
118.9 (49.3)
157.4 (83.7)
131.0 (61.6)
109.8 (54.0)
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
60.2 (12.5)
53.4 (14.7)
69.5 (18.6)
60.9 (17.9)
HbA1c (%)
7.1 (0.8)
7.2 (1.1)
—
—
Duration of diabetes (years)
16.6 (9.9)
14.6 (10.7)
—
—
Hypoglycemic episodes (times/year)
4.5 (13.0)
11.4 (47.2)
—
—
Insulin use (%)
40.0
30.3
—
—
Insulin dose (U/day)
17.0 (11.6)
22.7 (12.9)
—
—
Insulin injection (times/day)
2.4 (1.0)
2.4 (1.0)
—
—
Oral hypoglycemic agent use (yes = 1, no = 0)
0.8 (0.4)
0.7 (0.5)
—
—
Exercise (minutes/week)
72.3 (12.9)*
221.9 (468.7)
209.3 (161)
225.8 (208.7)
Diet therapy compliance (very poor = 1, poor = 2, normal = 3, good = 4)
3.2 (0.9)
3.3 (0.6)
3.3 (0.7)
3.4 (0.8)
History of heart disease (%)
4.0
19.9
3.7
20.0
History of cerebrovascular disease (%)
12.0
10.0
6.7
8.0
MMSE (score)
20.6 (3.8)*
28.0 (0.0)
20.8 (3.7)#
27.4 (2.1)
Computer-based screening test (score)
9.0 (2.9)*
14.3 (0.5)
9.9 (2.9)#
14.4 (0.5)
Values are the mean and (SD) and percentages. *P < 0.05 and #P < 0.05 compared with cognitively normal subjects in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups, respectively. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CN: cognitively normal; BMI: body mass index; MMSE: mini-mental state examination.
