Promising Genetic Biomarkers of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: The Influence of APOE and TOMM40 on Brain Integrity

Figure 1

Timeline of potential biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Prior to clinical diagnosis of AD, beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, micro- and macrostructural changes are thought to take place in a timewise fashion (adapted from [23]). *Recent research points to a shift in the biomarker timeline, with mitochondrial dysfunction being primary in the pathophysiological cascade of AD, eventually leading to micro- and macrostructural changes in the AD brain.