Is There Inflammatory Synergy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease?

Table 1

Inflammatory responses detected in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease and the pancreas of diabetes mellitus.

	Disease-affected brain regions in Alzheimer’s disease patients	Pancreas in T2DM patients
Elevated inflammatory markers	Cytokines (e.g., IL-1𝛼, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼), chemokines (e.g., IL-8, MCP-1), acute phase proteins (e.g., ACT-1, Serum amyloid P), activated complement proteins (e.g., C3, C5a, C5b-9), and S100B	Cytokines (e.g., IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼), chemokines (e.g., IL-8, IP-1, MCP-1, MIP-1𝛼), growth factor (G-CSF), S100B, and HMGB1
Immune cell infiltration	Rare presence of lymphocytes or macrophages	Increased macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and granulocytes
Involvement of pattern recognition receptors and major ligands	MSR-A, MSR-B, RAGE, TLR2, TLR4; amyloid beta, AGE	MSR-A, MSR-B, RAGE, TLR2, TLR4: amylin, AGE, IP-10